Hubungan Derajat Merokok dengan Risiko Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronis pada Perokok Berdasarkan Puma COPD Diagnostic Questionnaire sebagai Uji Tapis (Skrining)

Abstract

Background: COPD is a global disease with a high burden on health, economy, and society. Smoking is a major risk factor causing irreversible lung damage. Early detection of COPD is crucial in preventing increased morbidity and mortality, especially in active smokers. Screening and early treatment are essential in reducing the progression and impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Method: This study is an observational study with a cross-sectional design conducted on a population of smokers. Data were obtained through interviews using the PUMA questionnaire, followed by spirometry examination. Bivariate analysis in this study used the Spearman test to examine the relationship between the severity of smoking and the risk of obstruction based on PUMA scores. Results: This study revealed the characteristics of smokers in the age range of 51- 60 years (38.1%) with a history of smoking initiation between 15-20 years of age (65.8%). The majority of smokers were male (81.5%) with moderate smoking intensity being the most common (44.8%). Spirometry results showed that the majority of smokers had obstruction (65.1%), especially severe obstruction (42.5%). There was a significant correlation between the severity of smoking and PUMA scores, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.667. This result indicates a consistent relationship between the two variables. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between PUMA scores and the risk of obstruction, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.645. Conclusion: This study found a significant association between smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study demonstrated a proportional relationship between the level of smoking and the severity of airway obstruction in individuals with COPD. The PUMA questionnaire also confirmed a higher risk in individuals exposed to smoking. These findings have important implications in the prevention and control of COPD by reducing exposure to cigarette smoke.