Gambaran Klinis dan Tatalaksana Diabetes Melitus Tipe 1 pada Anak: Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Background. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children is a significant health issue in Indonesia, with an increasing prevalence. This condition results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Children with T1DM often present clinical symptoms such as polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and drastic weight loss. Without prompt treatment, severe complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis may occur. The management of T1DM involves insulin injections, blood glucose monitoring, dietary regulation, exercise, and education. However, many children in Indonesia remain undiagnosed or inadequately treated. Objective. This study aims to identify and analyze the clinical manifestations and management approaches for T1DM in children based on a systematic literature review. Methods. A systematic literature review method was used in this study, with literature sourced from databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies relevant to the clinical characteristics and management of T1DM in children, published within the last five years. Results. Four journals meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The findings revealed that the primary clinical symptoms of T1DM in children include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss. Early detection is often hindered by a lack of awareness among the community and healthcare professionals. Management strategies involve a combination of intensive insulin therapy, patient and family education, and a multidisciplinary approach to support adherence to diabetes management. Conclusion. This review highlights the importance of increasing public awareness and training healthcare professionals for early detection of T1DM in children. Implementing a multidisciplinary approach in T1DM management can improve patients' quality of life. These findings are expected to serve as a foundation for improving health policies related to T1DM management in children in Indonesia.