Analisis Perubahan Struktur dan Fungsi Lanskap Mangrove Terhadap Habitat Burung Menggunakan Citra Sentinel-2 di Desa Lubuk Kertang Kabupaten Langkat Sumatera Utara

Abstract

This study aims to analyze changes in the structure and function of the mangrove landscape in relation to bird habitats in Lubuk Kertang Village, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra, using a remote sensing approach based on Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The analysis was conducted for the years 2018, 2021, and 2024. Structural changes were assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and spatial landscape metrics such as Core Area, Number of Patches (NP), Patch Density (PD), and Landscape Shape Index (LSI), processed using ArcGIS 10.8 and Fragstats software. Meanwhile, ecological function was evaluated through observations of bird species diversity and environmental quality parameters including temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. An Independent Sample T-Test was used to examine differences between two sites with contrasting ecological conditions (degraded and undisturbed). The results indicate significant degradation in the mangrove area, marked by a decline in NDVI values, a reduction in core area from 626,07 ha in 2018 to 402,30 ha in 2024, and an increase in patch number and density, reflecting habitat fragmentation. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index revealed lower bird diversity in areas affected by illegal logging compared to natural areas. The T-Test also showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in environmental quality between the two sites. This study concludes that changes in landscape structure due to anthropogenic activities, particularly illegal logging, have a direct impact on the decline of ecological functions in bird habitats. Therefore, integrated mangrove ecosystem management based on spatial data is essential for the conservation of biodiversity in coastal areas.