| dc.description.abstract | This study aims to analyze changes in the structure and function of the mangrove
landscape in relation to bird habitats in Lubuk Kertang Village, Langkat Regency,
North Sumatra, using a remote sensing approach based on Sentinel-2 satellite
imagery. The analysis was conducted for the years 2018, 2021, and 2024.
Structural changes were assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index (NDVI) and spatial landscape metrics such as Core Area, Number of Patches
(NP), Patch Density (PD), and Landscape Shape Index (LSI), processed using
ArcGIS 10.8 and Fragstats software. Meanwhile, ecological function was evaluated
through observations of bird species diversity and environmental quality
parameters including temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. An
Independent Sample T-Test was used to examine differences between two sites with
contrasting ecological conditions (degraded and undisturbed). The results indicate
significant degradation in the mangrove area, marked by a decline in NDVI values,
a reduction in core area from 626,07 ha in 2018 to 402,30 ha in 2024, and an
increase in patch number and density, reflecting habitat fragmentation. The
Shannon-Wiener diversity index revealed lower bird diversity in areas affected by
illegal logging compared to natural areas. The T-Test also showed significant
differences (p < 0.05) in environmental quality between the two sites. This study
concludes that changes in landscape structure due to anthropogenic activities,
particularly illegal logging, have a direct impact on the decline of ecological
functions in bird habitats. Therefore, integrated mangrove ecosystem management
based on spatial data is essential for the conservation of biodiversity in coastal
areas. | en_US |
