| dc.description.abstract | The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of economic growth, energy consumption, and economic openness on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Indonesia. This research analyzes the impact of three independent variables, namely economic growth, energy consumption, and economic openness, on the dependent variable, namely carbon emissions. To analyze the causal relationship and test the theory of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Indonesia, this research uses the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) method and the Granger causality test. Economic growth has a positive and significant impact on carbon emissions in the long term, but does not have a significant impact in the short term. Meanwhile, energy consumption has a positive and significant impact on carbon emissions in both the short and long term. On the other hand, economic openness has a negative impact on carbon emissions, but its impact is not significant in both the short and long term. The results of this research indicate that Indonesia is at the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) stage, with an economic growth turning point of 6.61%. Initially, economic growth increases CO₂ emissions, but after reaching this turning point, economic growth begins to have a positive impact on improving environmental quality. In addition, this research also found a reciprocal relationship between economic openness and carbon emissions | en_US |
