Efek Penambahan 5 wt% Nano-Hidroksiapatit dari Cangkang Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa) pada Restorasi Semen Ionomer Kaca Konvensional dan Semen Ionomer Kaca Modifikasi Resin di Kedalaman Berbeda terhadap Shear Bond Strength

Abstract

Background: Dental restorations require materials that are strong, stable, biocompatible, and possess properties similar to dentin, including good compressive and tensile strength to withstand masticatory forces. One of the restorative materials that is easy to use is glass ionomer cement (GIC). Despite its many advantages, GIC still has limitations, such as relatively low shear bond strength (3–7 MPa). Various efforts have been made to improve the mechanical properties of GIC by incorporating additional fillers, including natural products as biomaterials in dentistry. In this study, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) synthesized from Anadara granosa was used. This study aims to evaluate the effect of adding 5 wt% nHAp from Anadara granosa to conventional and resin-modified GIC (RMGIC) restorations at different dentin depths on shear bond strength. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 extracted mandibular premolars were randomly divided into 8 groups: (1) conventional GIC on superficial dentin, (2) RMGIC on superficial dentin, (3) conventional GIC + 5 wt% nHAp on superficial dentin, (4) RMGIC + 5 wt% nHAp on superficial dentin, (5) conventional GIC on deep dentin, (6) RMGIC on deep dentin, (7) conventional GIC + 5 wt% nHAp on deep dentin, (8) RMGIC + 5 wt% nHAp on deep dentin. Shear bond strength was tested using a Universal Testing Machine, followed by failure mode analysis. Results: One-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests revealed statistically significant differences among the groups. The highest mean shear bond strength was found in Group 4 (11.63 MPa), while the lowest was in Group 5 (2.45 MPa). Failure modes were predominantly mixed failures in groups with 5 wt% nHAp, particularly on superficial dentin surfaces. Conclusion: The addition of 5 wt% nHAp from Anadara granosa shell to both conventional and resin-modified GIC restorations increased the shear bond strength on both superficial and deep dentin. There were also differences in failure mode categories due to the incorporation of Anadara granosa-derived nHAp in GIC and RMGIC restorations.