Hubungan Karakteristik Balita dan Kondisi Lingkungan dengan Kejadian Pneumonia pada Balita di Rumah Sakit Haji Medan Tahun 2025

Abstract

Pneumonia is classified as a type of acute respiratory infection that attacks the lungs. Its appearance is characterized by the alveoli being filled with pus and fluid. Based on UNICEF data, the global incidence of pneumonia reaches 1.4% in children. In Indonesia, pneumonia is recorded as the second highest cause of death in toddlers with a Case Fatality Rate of 1.6‰ while in North Sumatra it was 14.4‰ in 2020. At the Medan Haji Hospital, 30.8% of pneumonia cases throughout 2024 occurred in the toddler group. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between toddler characteristics and environmental conditions with the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers at the Medan Haji Hospital in 2025. This study is included in analytical research with a cross-sectional approach, involving 95 toddler respondents selected using the accidental sampling technique. Through bivariate analysis using chi-square test, a significant relationship was found between gender (p < 0.05), history of ARI (p < 0.05), administration of PCV vaccine (p < 0.05), exclusive breastfeeding (p < 0.05), use of mosquito coils (p < 0.05) and exposure to cigarette smoke (p < 0.05) with the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between toddler age (p > 0.05) and history of LBW (p > 0.05) with the incidence of pneumonia. It is necessary to increase parental awareness of the importance of preventing pneumonia through immunization, breastfeeding, and reducing risk exposure in the home environment.