Perbandingan Regulasi Perlindungan Hak Asasi Pemain SepakBola dari Diskriminasi Rasial dalam Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Nasional

Abstract

The implementation of human rights principles in preventing racial discrimination is critically important in football, given the prevalence of incidents such as the racial abuse of Vinícius Junior in the 2023 La Liga season and similar cases in the 2022 Liga 3 of the All-Indonesian Football Association (PSSI), which have raised concerns about the weakness of existing protection mechanisms for players‟ dignity and careers. There are three research questions: (1) How is the basic concept of human rights applied in the context of preventing discrimination, particularly in addressing the challenges of racial discrimination in football? (2) How do international and national regulations compare in protecting football players‟ human rights against racial discrimination? (3) How does the implementation of human rights protection in cases of racial discrimination compare between international and national legal frameworks? This study employs a normative, descriptive‑analytical method, examining instruments such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), the 2024 Statutes of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) together with the 2011 FIFA Disciplinary Code, the 2019 Statutes of the Persatuan Sepak Bola Seluruh Indonesia (PSSI), and Law No. 40 of 2008 on the Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination; the research reveals gaps in normative harmonization and inconsistent implementation, indicating the need for aligned anti‑racism policies and firmer enforcement of sanctions to foster an inclusive and equitable football environment.