| dc.description.abstract | Income inequality is one of the main challenges in achieving inclusive and
sustainable economic development. This issue is of particular concern in upper
middle-income countries that are members of the G20, given the high potential for
inequality to hinder long-term economic growth and social stability. This study aims
to analyze the influence of macroeconomic determinants on the level of income
inequality in eight G20 member countries within this category, namely Argentina,
Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey, and Russia, during the
period 2011–2022.
The data used in this study are secondary panel data obtained from credible
sources, such as the World Bank, UNU-WIDER, and UNDP. The dependent
variable is the Gini Index, which serves as an indicator of income inequality. The
independent variables include economic growth, urbanization rate, unemployment
rate, government expenditure, population growth, and the Human Development
Index (HDI). The analysis employs panel data regression using the Fixed Effect
Model (FEM) approach, processed with the E-Views 13 software.
The results show that urbanization has a negative and significant effect on
income inequality, indicating that increasing urbanization can contribute to
reducing inequality. On the other hand, unemployment and government expenditure
have a positive and significant effect, suggesting that increases in these variables
tend to widen the income gap. Meanwhile, economic growth, population growth,
and HDI show a positive but statistically insignificant effect. Overall, the
macroeconomic variables examined in this study have a significant simultaneous
impact on income inequality. These findings highlight the importance of
formulating integrated, data-driven, and adaptive macroeconomic policies to
address income inequality in developing countries. | en_US |
