Optimasi Formula Nanoemulsi Ekstrak Batang Teras Bakau Api-Api (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) dan Uji Aktivitas Anti-Ketombe Menggunakan Box Behnken Design

Abstract

Background: The heartwood of the (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) is known to contain high levels of flavonoids, which have potential as anti-dandruff agents. Extracts from this plant can be formulated into nanoemulsions, which are delivery systems with extremely small particle sizes, enabling faster and more effective penetration of active ingredients into the skin. To obtain the best-performing formula, optimization was conducted using the Box Behnken Design approach. Objective: This study aims to determine the optimal composition of the oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant in a nanoemulsion formula based on (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) heartwood, as well as to evaluate the physical stability and anti-dandruff activity of the optimal formula produced. Methods: The extraction process was carried out using the maceration method with 96% ethanol, followed by phytochemical screening and characterization of the materials. The nanoemulsions formula was designed based on Box Behnken Design with variations in component concentrations, using 0.5% extract as the active phase, and one blank formula as a control. Formulation evaluation included viscosity, particle size, and stability testing at room temperature. Anti-dandruff activity testing was conducted against Pityrosporum ovale using the disk diffusion method on Potato Dextrose Agar. Result: The yield of the extract was 4.14%, and the result of phytochemical screening were positive for secondary metabolite compounds, namely flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and triterpenoids/steroids and the results of simplisia characterization obtained moisture content of 7.32%, aqueous soluble juice content of 4.86%, ethanol soluble juice content of 10.57%, total ash content of 2.35%, and acid insoluble ash content of 0.59%. The optimal was obtained at an oil phase concentration of 1.12 cPs, particle size of 51.42 nm, and inhibition zone against Pityrosporum ovale of 14.63 mm. Conclusion: The Box Behnken Design proved effective for optimizing the nanoemulsion formula of (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) heartwood, producing a formulation with stable physical characteristics and strong anti-dandruff activity.