Faktor-Faktor Makroekonomi terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Asia Tenggara

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the influence of macroeconomic variables on income inequality in Southeast Asian countries during the period 2010–2022. Income inequality is measured using the Gini Index as the dependent variable, while the independent variables include Economic Growth (GE), Unemployment Rate (UNEM), Urbanization (UBN), and Human Development Index (HDI). The data are based on panel observations from eleven ASEAN member countries. The research applies panel data regression with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM), following Chow and Hausman tests. This approach was chosen to obtain more accurate estimates by accounting for variations across countries and time periods. The results show that simultaneously, the four independent variables have a significant influence on income inequality in Southeast Asia. However, partially, only the Human Development Index (HDI) has a significant and negative effect on income inequality. In contrast, Economic Growth, Unemployment, and Urbanization do not have statistically significant effects on income inequality during the study period. These findings indicate that improving human development quality is a key factor in reducing income inequality in the Southeast Asian region.