Determinan Ketimpangan Pendapatan pada Negara Anggota BRICS: Perspektif Ekonomi Makro

Abstract

Income inequality remains a structural issue in developing economies, including BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). Despite their strong economic growth, these nations continue to experience uneven income distribution. This study examines the macroeconomic determinants of income inequality in BRICS countries during the 1993–2022 period. The dependent variable is income inequality measured by the Gini Index, while the independent variables include economic growth, urbanization, inflation, and the Human Development Index (HDI). The study employs secondary panel data obtained from the World Bank and UNDP. The analysis is conducted using panel data regression with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM), selected based on the Chow, Hausman, and Lagrange Multiplier tests. The results show that economic growth and HDI have a significant negative effect on income inequality, while urbanization and inflation have a significant positive effect. Simultaneously, all independent variables significantly influence income inequality in BRICS countries. These findings highlight the importance of inclusive economic policies, inflation control, and equitable human development to reduce income disparities within the BRICS economies.