Pengaruh Paparan Formalin Inhalasi Dosis Bertingkat Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologi Kulit Tikus Wistar

Abstract

The Effect of Graded Formalin Inhalation Exposure on Skin Histopathological Features of Wistar Rats Serena Ann Steven Kedokteran,Kedokteran,Universitas Sumatera Utara.Formalin is an aqueous solution of formaldehyde widely used in laboratory and industrial settings, yet it is toxic and carcinogenic. Inhalation exposure to formalin not only affects the respiratory system but may also cause systemic effects on other organs, including the skin. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of graded inhalation exposure to formalin on the histopathological features of the skin in Wistar rats. Methods: This study was an experimental laboratory research using a post-test only control group design. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: a control group (K0) without formalin exposure, and three treatment groups exposed to inhaled formalin at concentrations of 10% (K1), 50% (K2), and 100% (K3). Exposure was administered for 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. After the exposure period, skin tissue samples were collected, fixed, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and examined microscopically to assess epidermal thickness, degree of inflammation, edema, necrosis, and alterations in dermal collagen structure. Results: The results showed that the control group exhibited normal skin histology. The K1 group demonstrated mild edema and minimal inflammatory cell infiltration. The K2 group showed epidermal thickening, epithelial cell degeneration, moderate inflammatory infiltration, and early disorganization of collagen fibers. The K3 group exhibited the most severe damage, including epidermal necrosis, massive edema, dense inflammatory infiltration, and extensive collagen disorganization. An increase in inhaled formalin concentration was directly associated with increased severity of skin histopathological damage. Conclusion: Graded inhalation exposure to formalin induces dose-dependent histopathological changes in the skin of Wistar rats. Higher formalin concentrations result in more severe skin tissue damage.

Formalin merupakan larutan formaldehida yang banyak digunakan di lingkungan laboratorium dan industri, namun bersifat toksik dan karsinogenik. Paparan formalin melalui inhalasi tidak hanya berdampak pada sistem pernapasan, tetapi juga dapat menimbulkan efek sistemik pada organ lain, termasuk kulit. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh paparan formalin inhalasi dosis bertingkat terhadap gambaran histopatologi kulit tikus Wistar. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorik dengan desain post-test only control group. Sebanyak 24 ekor tikus Wistar jantan dibagi menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol (K0) tanpa paparan formalin, serta tiga kelompok perlakuan yang masing-masing dipaparkan formalin inhalasi dosis 10% (K1), 50% (K2), dan 100% (K3). Paparan diberikan selama 8 jam per hari, 5 hari per minggu, selama 4 minggu. Setelah perlakuan, jaringan kulit diambil, difiksasi, diwarnai dengan hematoksilin eosin (HE), dan diperiksa secara mikroskopis untuk menilai ketebalan epidermis, derajat inflamasi, edema, nekrosis, serta perubahan struktur kolagen dermis. Hasil: Kelompok kontrol memiliki gambaran histologi kulit normal. Kelompok K1 menunjukkan edema ringan dan infiltrasi sel radang minimal. Kelompok K2 menunjukkan penebalan epidermis, degenerasi sel epitel, infiltrasi inflamasi sedang, dan disorganisasi awal serabut kolagen. Kelompok K3 menunjukkan kerusakan paling berat berupa nekrosis epidermis, edema masif, infiltrasi sel radang berat, dan disorganisasi kolagen yang luas. Peningkatan dosis formalin inhalasi berbanding lurus dengan derajat kerusakan histopatologi kulit. Kesimpulan: Paparan formalin melalui inhalasi dengan dosis bertingkat menyebabkan perubahan histopatologis kulit tikus Wistar secara dose-dependent. Semakin tinggi dosis paparan formalin, semakin berat derajat kerusakan jaringan kulit.