Analisis Faktor Risiko Kejadian Penyakit Jantung Bawaan pada Pasien Anak di RS Adam Malik Medan

Abstract

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a structural heart abnormality present at birth and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Various maternal and perinatal factors are thought to contribute to CHD, although their influence may vary among populations. Objective: To determine the distribution of CHD risk factors and analyze the association of maternal age during pregnancy, gestational age, birth weight, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, maternal infection, family history, and contraceptive drug use with CHD, as well as to identify the most dominant risk factor. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2025 at H. Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, involving pediatric patients with and without CHD. Samples were obtained using consecutive sampling. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and logistic regression with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Maternal age during pregnancy was significantly associated with CHD (p < 0.001; OR = 4.287), indicating that mothers aged over 30 years had a higher risk of delivering infants with CHD. Gestational age also showed a significant association with CHD (p = 0.036). Birth weight was not statistically significant (p = 0.057). Other variables, including sex, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, maternal infection, family history, and contraceptive drug use, showed no significant association with CHD (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Maternal age during pregnancy is the most dominant risk factor for CHD, followed by gestational age, while other factors were not significantly associated.