Pengaruh Pajanan PM2,5 dan Komponen Fisik Lingkungan Rumah Penduduk terhadap Penyakit Berbasis Lingkungan di Kawasan Pabrik Aluminium Kabupaten Deli Serdang

Abstract

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) ranks first among the top 10 most prevalent diseases in the working area of Mulyorejo Health Center, where an aluminum factory is located. Preliminary surveys indicated that PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the WHO air quality standard (>15 μg/m³), with an average exceeding 31 μg/m³. 70 % of the physical housing conditions did not meet health requirements. This study aimed to analyze the influence of PM2.5 exposure, sociodemographic characteristics, housing physical conditions, and behavior on the incidence of environmentally related diseases, particularly ARI, in the area surrounding the aluminum factory in Payageli Village. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 160 housewives residing within a 10 to 1,500-meter radius of the factory. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and air quality measurements using a Portable Particle Counter and Air Quality Detector. The analysis included descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistical methods. Results showed that 58.1% of respondents experienced ARI symptoms within the past month. PM2.5 concentrations did not exceed the standard; the highest ambient PM2.5 concentration was 15.5 μg/m³, and the average indoor PM2.5 concentration was 27 μg/m³. The majority of houses (63.1%) were physically unhealthy, with 59.4% failing to meet temperature criteria, 92.5% not meeting humidity requirements, and 90.6% not meeting occupancy density standards. Regarding behavior, 54.4% were categorized as poor. The significant variables in the multivariate analysis related to ISPA included house location direction (p=0.001), education level (p=0.020), physical housing components (p=0.020), with house location direction being the most dominant factor (Exp(B) = 5,887). This study provides scientific evidence for air quality control and residential environmental improvements aimed at reducing disease risk in industrial zones, with recommendations for community members, local government, health authorities, and industry to oversee emission control and housing standards.