| dc.description.abstract | Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), as one of the non-timber forest products harvested for its seeds, has the potential to be a new and renewable energy source (NRE), particularly its shell. Through pyrolysis technology, candlenut shells can be converted into biochar pelets and liquid smoke. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of biochar pelets produced from varying binder concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%) to determine the optimal formulation and characterize the properties of liquid smoke in various grades produced from the pyrolysis process. The characteristics of the pelets produced are charcoal yield with a value of 68%; pelet yield with a range of 74.45–88.50%; density of 1.01–1.07 g/cm³; specific gravity of 1.01–1.03; moisture content of 0.20–0.27%; 3.30–9.30%; volatile matter content of 6.80–7.98%; fixed carbon of 82.64–88.46%; calorific value of 5020–5692 cal/g; length of 3.84–4.05 cm; diameter of 0.49–0.50 cm; compressive strength 130.32–344.62 kgf/cm². The characteristics of the liquid smoke produced are as follows: liquid smoke yield grade 3 with a value of 52.22%; liquid smoke yield grade 2 81.32%; pH 2.81, viscosity 305.71 cP; the most significant chemical component of the liquid smoke is Mequinol (34.71%). Statistically, it was found that yield, density, specific gravity, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon, bulk density, and compressive strength significantly influenced by the adhesive concentration treatment. | en_US |
