Efektivitas Obat Kumur Ekstrak Kulit Buah Delima (Punica granatum L.) dalam Menghambat Pembentukan Biofilm Bakteri Streptococcus sanguinis secara in Vitro

Abstract

Periodontal disease, which begins with gingivitis, is caused by the accumulation of bacterial plaque in the form of biofilm, with Streptococcus sanguinis acting as an early colonizer that plays a key role in its formation. Chlorhexidine 0.2% is widely used as an effective mouthwash; however, its long-term use may cause adverse effects, prompting the need for natural alternatives. Pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.) contains flavonoids and tannins with potential antibacterial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a pomegranate peel extract mouthwash in inhibiting S. sanguinis biofilm formation in vitro and to determine the most effective concentration. This laboratory experimental study employed a post-test only control group design. The sample used was Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC®10556. The mouthwash was formulated at concentrations of 6,25%, 12,5%, and 25%, with 0,2% chlorhexidine gluconate as the positive control and sterile distilled water as the negative control. The antibiofilm assay was conducted using a 96-well microtiter plate, crystal violet staining, and Optical Density measurement at 490 nm. The results showed significant differences among the groups (p<0,05). Biofilm inhibition increased with higher extract concentrations, namely 51,68% (6,25%), 63,09% (12,5%), and 88,90% (25%). The 25% concentration demonstrated the highest effectiveness, approaching the positive control. It can be concluded that the pomegranate peel extract mouthwash effectively inhibits biofilm formation of S. sanguinis ATCC®10556 in vitro, with the 25% concentration showing the greatest potential to be developed as an herbal mouthwash alternative.