Karakterisasi dan Aktivitas Nanopartikel Hidroksiapatit Cangkang Keong Macan (Babylonia spirata) Sebagai Bahan Cangkok Tulang Alveolar: Kajian in-vitro dan in-vivo

Abstract

Background: Spiral Babylon shells (Babylonia spirata) are a rich source of calcium carbonate with promising potential to be developed into hydroxyapatite (HA), a biomaterial widely used for bone graft applications due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity properties. Objective: This study aimed to characterize hydroxyapatite nanoparticles synthesized from B. Spirata and evaluate their activity as an alveolar bone graft material through in-vitro and in-vivo approaches. Methods: Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAp) were synthesized using the sol-gel method. Characterization included analysis of particle size, surface and particle morphology, functional groups, crystal structure and degree of crystallinity, also compressive and tensile strength testing. The in-vitro study evaluated the viability, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cell lines, while the in-vivo test was conducted on Wistar rats with a fenestration periodontal defect model to assess the expression of Transforming Growth Factor β-1 (Tgfb1) and Runt-Related Transcription Factor-2 (Runx2). Results: Characterization revealed that the synthesized nHAp particles possess pore size and porosity suitable for bone graft applications. Functional group analysis indicated the presence of typical hydroxyapatite components, with a crystal structure and degree of crystallinity comparable to alveolar bone. The compressive and tensile strength of the material met the threshold for human cancellous bone. The in-vitro analysis showed that 100% nHAp concentration significantly supported MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cell line proliferation (p<0.05) and ALP enzyme activity for the cell line differentiation increased significantly at a concentration of 4 mg/mL (p<0.05). In-vivo studies demonstrated that 100% nHAp concentration yielded significant differences in Tgfb1 and Runx2 expression, peaking on day 14 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles derived from B. spirata shells exhibit crystalline structure and nano-scale particle size characteristics that support biological integration. In-vitro testing on the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cell line revealed that the nHAp from B.spirata enhances cell proliferation and migration, while in-vivo studies demonstrated stimulation of osteogenic protein expression Tgfb1 and Runx2 which play essential roles in bone regeneration. These findings support the potential of this local biomaterial as a biocompatible, effective, and sustainable alternative for alveolar bone grafting.