Efektivitas Obat Kumur Ekstrak Kulit Buah Delima (Punica granatum L.) dalam Menghambat Pembentukan Biofilm Porphyromonas gingivalis secara in Vitro

Abstract

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition of the tooth-supporting tissues caused by the accumulation of plaque and biofilm. One of the primary bacteria involved in the progression of periodontitis is Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is capable of forming subgingival biofilm. Use of mouthwash as an adjunctive therapy is essential. However, chemical mouthwashses such as chlorhexidine are associated with several side effects, creating a need for safer herbal alternatives. One promising option is pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum L.), which is known to possess antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pomegranate peel extract mouthwash in inhibiting P. gingivalis biofilm formation in vitro and to determine the most effective concentration. This laboratory experimental study employed a post-test only control group design. The sample consisted of P. gingivalis ATCC®33277. The mouthwash formulations contained pomegranate peel extract at concentrations of 6,25%, 12,5%, and 25%, with 0,2% chlorhexidine gluconate as the positive control and aquadest as the negative control. Antibiofilm testing was conducted using a 96-well microtiter plate method with crystal violet staining, and biofilm density was measured by Optical Density at 490 nm. The results showed significant differences among the groups (p<0,05). The percentage of biofilm inhibition increased with extract concentration: 44,44% at 6,25% concentration, 46,30% at 12,5% concentration, and 76,67% at 25% concentration. The pomegranate peel extract mouthwash is effective in inhibiting the formation of P. gingivalis biofilm in vitro, with the 25% concentration being the most potential formulation to be developed as an alternative herbal mouthwash.

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