Ekstrak dan Infusa Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) sebagai Potensi Bahan Irigasi Subgingiva: Studi In Vitro terhadap Bakteri dan Biofilm Porphyromonas gingivalis

Abstract

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is one of the red complex bacteria in subgingival biofilm that causes chronic periodontitis. Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) has potential as subgingival irrigation agent with antimicrobial activity due to its high bioactive substance content. Objective: This study aimed to compare the potency of Sappan wood extract and infusion against Pg bacteria and biofilm. Methods: Sappan wood extract was obtained using the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Sappan wood infusion was obtained by steeping Sappan wood at 90°C for 15 minutes using water as the solvent. The phytochemical test of both extracts was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, while the antibacterial and antibiofilm tests were conducted in vitro using the microdilution method, with optical density measured at wavelengths of 600 nm and 595 nm. The differences between the Sappan wood extract and infusion were statistically analyzed based on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, bacterial turbidity, bacterial colony count, and biofilm turbidity. Results: The phytochemical test exhibited a significantly higher mean of total phenolic and flavonoid content on the Sappan wood extract than that of the Sappan wood infusion (p<0.05). Antibacterial tests showed significant difference in the mean bacterial turbidity of Pg based on the extract concentration (p<0.05). Sappan wood extract effectively inhibited or killed Pg bacteria with MIC90 and MBC values of 1.56% and 6.25%, respectively, while Sappan wood infusion was also effective with MIC90 and MBC values of 6.25% and 12.5%, respectively. Biofilm inhibition test proved that Sappan wood extract at 12.5% had the ability to inhibit Pg biofilm formation, with no significant difference in biofilm turbidity observed, when compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine after 48 hours of exposure (p>0.05). Meanwhile, the biofilm eradication test demonstrated that neither the Sappan wood extract nor infusion was able to eradicate the existing Pg biofilm after 1 minute of exposure. Conclusion: Sappan wood extract showed greater activity against Pg bacteria and biofilm than Sappan wood infusion as potential subgingival irrigation agent for adjunctive therapy of periodontitis.