| dc.description.abstract | Modifications have been made to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cement with hydroxyapatite (HA) using several materials, namely commercial PMMA powder, hydroxyapatite synthesized from green shellfish shells, and PLA. The hydroxyapatite synthesized from green shellfish shells was characterized using PSA, XRF, and XRD. PSA was used to determine the particle size, and the size of the hydroxyapatite nanoparticles was found to be 57.5 nm. XRF and XRD were used to determine the chemical composition and crystal structure. PMMA/HA bone cement was made with a composition ratio of PMMA and HA with PLA (45wt%;5wt%;50wt%), (40wt%;10wt%;50wt%), (35wt%;15wt%;50wt%), (30wt%;20wt%;50wt%). It was then molded with a mold of d = 12 mm and t = 2 mm and left to dry at room temperature. PMMA/HA bone cement was characterized, including physical tests (density), mechanical tests (compressive strength and hardness), and SEM. The density test result was 1.6814 g/cm³, which is comparable to the density of human cortical bone. The compressive strength and hardness test results indicate that increasing the hydroxyapatite content enhances the compressive strength and hardness of PMMA bone cement. The maximum values were obtained with a hardness of 28.1 VHN and a compressive strength of 14.1 MPa. SEM-EDX analysis revealed a relatively homogeneous surface morphology and identified the elemental composition of the PMMA/HA bone cement sample, consisting of C (carbon) 57.8%, O (oxygen) 38.3%, Ca (calcium) 2.3%, and P (phosphorus) 0.6%. | en_US |
