Hubungan Penyakit Jantung Bawaan Berdasarkan Pirau terhadap Kejadian Pneumonia

Abstract

Background: Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) in children is frequently associated with lower respiratory tract infections, particularly pneumonia. Pneumonia risk in CHD is influenced by shunt type, defect size, nutritional status, yet local data regarding these associations remains limited. Objective: To determine the incidence of pneumonia in children with CHD and to analyze its association with shunt type and defect size. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using consecutive sampling of 134 medical records of children with CHD who were hospitalized or received outpatient care at Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, from January 2022 to December 2024. Analyses were performed using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, and prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated. Results: Pneumonia occurred in 32.8% (44/134) of children with CHD. A higher proportion of pneumonia was observed in acyanotic CHD compared with cyanotic CHD (40.3% vs. 25.4%; PR 1.57; p = 0.066). Among acyanotic CHD, pneumonia was more frequent in children with large defects than in those with moderate to small defects (47.0% vs. 38.0%; PR 1.24; p = 0.511). Conclusion: Pneumonia is a frequent complication in children with CHD. Acyanotic CHD and larger defect size show a tendency toward increased pneumonia risk, although no statistically significant associations were identified.