| dc.description.abstract | This research aims to examine the potential utilization of durian peel waste (Durio zibethinus) as a raw material for biolubricant production through a pyrolysis process with the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles as an additive. The background of this study is based on the abundance of durian peel waste in Indonesia, which has not been optimally utilized, even though its lignocellulosic content—comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin—has great potential as a renewable bioenergy source. The main objective of this research is to analyze the effect of TiO₂ additive on the physicochemical characteristics of pyrolyzed bio-oil and to evaluate its tribological performance as an environmentally friendly biolubricant. The experiment was carried out by conducting pyrolysis of durian peel at 550 °C for 2–3 hours to produce bio-oil, bio-char, and syngas. Subsequently, the resulting bio-oil was distilled to reduce its water content, and then 0.6% by mass of TiO₂ additive was added using polyethylene glycol 400, Tween 80, and oleic acid as dispersing agents. The characterization tests were conducted on physicochemical properties, including density, viscosity, flash point, acid number, and iodine value. Chemical analysis was performed using FTIR and GC-MS, while tribological tests were conducted using the Four-Ball Wear Test to measure the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD). The results showed that the addition of TiO₂ decreased the density from 1063.02 to 980.4 kg/L, increased the flash point from 110 to 146.7 °C, and raised the viscosity index from 11.5 to 68.1. The WSD value decreased from 0.744 mm to 0.49 mm with a COF value of 0.05931, indicating improved lubrication performance and wear resistance. Based on these results, it can be concluded that durian peel has great potential as a renewable raw material for biolubricant production, and the addition of TiO₂ effectively enhances thermal stability, physicochemical properties, and tribological performance. | en_US |
