Pengaruh Berbagai Model Latihan Terhadap Ekspresi gen Insr, Reseptor Insulin Otot Skeletal, Resistensi Insulin dan Kadar Gula Darah pada Tikus Wistar Model Diabetes Melitus Tipe-2

Abstract

Latihan jasmani merupakan salah satu pilar penatalaksanaan DM tipe 2. Penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan bahwa olahraga aerobik dapat meningkatkan senstivitas reseptor insulin sehingga menurunkan resistensi insulin. Olahraga aerobik dapat dilakukan secara continuous maupun interval. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan ekspresi gen Insr, reseptor insulin pada otot skeletal, HOMA-IR Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental, menggunakan hewan coba tikus Wistar jantan, usia 8 minggu, berat 150 – 180 gram, model DM tipe 2, berjumlah 20 ekor. Tikus dibagi atas 5 kelompok yang terdiri dari 1 kelompok kontrol dan 4 kelompok perlakuan yaitu moderate continous training (MCT), severe continous training (SCT), slow interval training (SIT) dan fast interval training ( FIT). Perlakuan berupa aktifitas fisik berlari di atas treadmill dengan kecepatan tertentu. Latihan diberikan 3 kali seminggu, selama 8 minggu. KGD dan HOMA-IR diperiksa sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Ekspresi gen Insr diperiksa dengan qPCR, reseptor insulin otot skeletal dinilai dengan IHC, insulin puasa diperiksa dengan metode ELISA dan KGD diperiksa dengan spektrofotometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh latihan MCT, SCT, SIT dan FIT terhadap penurunan ekspresi gen Insr, peningkatan reseptor insulin otot skeletal setelah latihan 8 minggu dibandingkan kontrol (p<0,05). Penurunan resitensi insulin setelah latihan 8 minggu signifikan pada kelompok latihan SCT,SIT dan FIT dibandingkan kontrol (p<0,05). Latihan tipe MCT lebih baik daripada SCT dalam menurunkan ekspresi gen Insr (, namun SCT cenderung lebih baik dalam menurunkan resistensi insulin dan meningkatkan reseptor insulin otot skeletal. Sedangkan pada kelompok interval latihan FIT lebih baik daripada SIT dalam menurunkan ekspresi gen Insr dan meningkatkan jumah reseptor, namun SIT cenderung lebih baik dalam menurunkan resitensi insulin. Dari ke empat model latihan, latihan tipe SIT menurunkan resistensi insulin paling rendah. Penurunan ekspresi gen Insr paling rendah dan peningkatan reseptor insulin otot skeletal paling tinggi terdapat pada kelompok FIT dibandingkan model latihan lainnya Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh latihan MCT, SCT, SIT dan FIT terhadap ekspresi gen insulin reseptor, reseptor insulin otot skeletal, resistensi insulin tikus model DM tipe 2. Fast interval training paling baik dalam menurunkan ekspresi gen Insr dan meningkatkan reseptor insulin otot skeletal. Slow interval training paling baik dalam menurunkan resistensi insulin dan kadar gula darah.

Physical activity is one of Diabetes mellitus type-2 management. Previous studies proved that aerobic training could improve insulin receptor sensitivity and insulin resistance. Aerobic exercise can be continuous and interval. This study aimed to analyse the effect of various type to Insr gene expression, skeletal muscle insulin receptor, HOMA-IR changes. It was an experimental study, using twenty health male Wistar rat, age eight weeks, weight 150-180 gram, DM type-2 model. DM type-2 rats model divided into five groups. One group as control (sedentary) and four groups as treated groups, i.e. moderate continuous training (MCT), severe continuous training (SCT), slow interval training (SIT) and fast interval training (FIT). All treatment groups ran on the treadmill three times a week for eight weeks. Blood glucose level and HOMA-IR were checked before and after treatment procedure was finished. Insr gene expression was assessed by using qPCR, skeletal muscle insulin receptor determined by IHC, fasting insulin was examined by using the ELISA method and blood glucose level was checked by using a spectrophotometer. The result found that there was Insr gene expression decline, increasing distribution of skeletal muscle insulin receptor, and decreasing blood glucose level in treated groups after eight weeks exercises compared with control (p<0,05). After eight weeks exercise insulin resistance was reduced in SCT, SIT and FIT (p<0,05). At continuous groups, MCT was better than SCT to decline Insr gene expression, while SCT tends to better than MCT to increase skeletal muscle insulin receptor and decreased insulin resistance. At interval groups, FIT was tended to better model than SIT to decreased Insr gene expression and increased skeletal muscle insulin receptor, while SIT tends to reduce insulin resistance than FIT better. Among the four models, SIT has the lowest insulin resistance at posttest. The lowest Insr gene expression and highest skeletal muscle insulin receptor was found in the FIT group In conclusion, There was an effect of moderate continuous training, severe continuous training, slow interval training and fast interval training to Insr gene expression, skeletal muscle insulin receptor, insulin DM type-2 model rats. Fast interval training was the best model to decline Insr gene expression and increased skeletal muscle insulin receptor. Slow interval training was the best model to decreased insulin resistance and blood glucose level.