Faktor Risiko Kejadian Stunting pada Anak Berusia 1 - 60 Bulan dengan Menggunakan Kurva Pertumbuhan Anak Indonesia

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background: Aceh in one of the provinces in Indonesia with high prevalence of stunting. The identification of risk factors is an effort to preventing stunting. Growth Diagrams of Indonesian Children is a spesific tool to diagnosing stunting in Indonesian children populations. Objective: To determine the the risk factors of stunting in children aged 1-60 months using the Growth Diagrams of Indonesian Children. Method: Observational analytic research with case-control study was conducted in Lawe Alas District, Southeast Aceh, Indonesia from January- April 2018. The subject were children aged 1-60 months who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Subjects were obtained using consecutive sampling method. Result: Of 194 subjects, the internal risk factors of stunting were short birth lenght (OR=2.87; 95% CI=1.24-6.61; P=0.011), inadequate of calories intake (OR=2.37; 95% CI=1.32-4.27; P=0.004), nonexclusive breastfeeding (OR=3.64; 95% CI=2.01-6.61; P<0.001), chronic diarrhea (OR=6.56; 95% CI=3.33-13.01; P<0.001) and upper respiratory tract infection (OR=3.47; 95% CI=1.89-6.35; P<0.001). The external risk factors of stunting were unimproved sanitation (OR=2.98; 95% CI=1.62-5.48; P<0.001), unimproved water source (OR=2.71; 95% CI=1.50-4.88; P=0.001), low income of family (OR=2.49; 95% CI=1.38-4.49; P=0.002), low educational level of paternal (OR=2.98; 95% CI=1.62-5.48; P<0.001), low educational level of maternal (OR=2.64; 95% CI=1.38-5.04; P=0.003) and living in households with >4 family members (OR=1.23; 95% CI=0.69-2.17; P=0.469). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the dominant risk factor of stunting was chronic diarrhea (OR=5.41; 95% CI=2.20-13.29; P<0.001). Conclusion: The dominant risk factor for the incidence of stunting was history of chronic diarrhea.

ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Aceh merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan prevalensi stunting yang tinggi. Identifikasi faktor risiko sebagai upaya pencegahan stunting. Kurva pertumbuhan anak Indonesia merupakan alat diagnostik spesifik kejadian stunting pada populasi anak Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor risiko kejadian stunting pada anak usia 1-60 bulan dengan menggunakan kurva pertumbuhan anak Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian analitik observasional dengan studi kasus kontrol dilakukan di Kecamatan Lawe Alas, Aceh Tenggara, Indonesia pada Januari- April 2018. Subjek penelitian adalah anak berusia 1-60 bulan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Subjek dipilih dengan metode consecutive sampling. Hasil: Dari 194 subjek, faktor risiko internal stunting pada panjang badan lahir pendek (OR=2,87; 95% CI=1,24-6,61; P=0,011), jumlah kalori per hari tidak adekuat (OR=2,37; 95% CI=1,32-4,27; P=0,004), riwayat ASI tidak eksklusif (OR=3,64; 95% CI=2,01-6,61; P<0,001), diare kronis (OR=6,56; 95% CI=3,33-13,01; P<0,001) dan ISPA (OR=3,47; 95% CI=1,89-6,35; P<0,001). Faktor risiko eksternal pada sanitasi unimproved (OR=2,98; 95% CI=1,62-5,48; P<0,001), sumber air minum unimproved (OR=2,71; 95% CI=1,50-4,88; P=0,001), total penghasilan keluarga rendah (OR=2,49; 95% CI=1,38-4,49; P=0,002), tingkat pendidikan ayah rendah (OR=2,98; 95% CI=1,62-5,48; P<0,001), tingkat pendidikan ibu rendah (OR=2,64; 95% CI=1,38-5,04; P=0,003) dan jumlah anggota keluarga >4 orang (OR=1,23; 95% CI=0,69-2,17; P=0,469). Analisis regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko yang dominan pada kejadian stunting adalah diare kronis (OR=5,41; 95% CI=2,20-13,29; P<0,001). Kesimpulan: Riwayat diare kronis sebagai faktor risiko paling dominan terhadap kejadian stunting.