Hubungan Masa Kerja Terhadap Gejala Respirasi dan Hasil Foto Dada pada Pekerja Industri Keramik Perusahaan X, Mahar Medan

Abstract

Background: Workers in the ceramics industry are often exposed to silica content in ceramic raw materials every day. Silica will unwittingly be inhaled and deposited inside the lungs. Because the material structure cannot be phagocytosed by macrophages, silica crystals will induce inflammation and pulmonary parenchymal damage which leads to the occurence of respiratory symptoms, lung function disorders and the presence of lesions on the chest X-ray. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between working duration with respiratory symptoms, the results of lung function test and chest X-ray images of ceramics industry workers. Methods: This study is an analytical study with a cross-sectional design conducted in March - June 2019 in the X Ceramics Industry in the Mabar area, Medan City. The research subject was differentiated based on the location of the work and measured the level of dust in the work location using a Low Volume Air Sampler. Respiratory symptoms was assessed by quetioner, and chest X-ray was assessed using an interpretation from the International Labor Organzation (ILO). Statistical analysis was performed by Chi Square test, T test, and Anova using SPSS software. Results: 35 male workers were included as subjects, divided into 3 work locations, which were 11 (31.4%) in the precompression section, 13 (37.1%) in the compression section and 11 (31.4%) in the sintering section. Dust levels in each work location are 24.8, 29.2, and 6.11 respectively. Of all subjects, 9 (25.7%) had respiratoric symptoms and 8 (22.8%) had abnormal chest X-ray (pneumoconiosis and tuberculosis). There is no relationship between dust levels with respiratory symptoms and chest X-ray (p> 0.05). There is no relationship between working duration with respiratory symptoms and pneumoconiosis findings in chest x-ray (p=0.69). Conclusion: The prevalence of pneumoconiosis among ceramic workers exposed with silica dust is 22.8%. There is no relationship between the level of dust in the workplace with respiratory symptoms and chest X-ray. There is no relationship between wprking duration with respiratory symptoms and pneumoconiosis findings in chest x-ray.

Latar Belakang : Pekerja di industri keramik sering terpapar dengan kandungan silika di dalam bahan baku pembuatan keramik setiap harinya. Silika tanpa disadari akan terinhalasi dan terdeposit di dalam dalam paru. Karena struktur materialnya yang tidak dapat difagositosis oleh makrofag, kristal silika akan menginduksi terjadinya inflamasi dan kerusakan parenkim paru yang berujung pada munculnya gejala respiratori dan adanya lesi pada foto dada. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahuii hubungan masa kerja terhadap gejala respiratori dan gambaran foto dada pada pekerja industri keramik Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik dengan desain cross-sectional yang dilakukan pada bulan Maret – Juni 2019 di Industri Keramik X di daerah Mabar, Kota Medan. Subjek penelitian dibedakan berdasarkan lokasi kerjanya dan dilakukan pengukuran kadar debu di lokasi kerja dengan menggunakan alat Low Volume Air Sampler. Gejala respirasi dinilai dengan questioner dan foto dada dinilai menggunakan interpretasi dari International Labour Organzation (ILO). Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji Chi Square, uji T, dan Anova menggunakan software SPSS. Hasil: Sebanyak 35 pekerja laki-laki dilibatkan sebagai subjek penelitian yang terbagi ke dalam 3 lokasi kerja, yaitu 11(31.4%) di bagian prakompresi, 13 (37.1%) di bagian kompresi dan 11 (31.4%) di bagian sintering. Kadar debu di masing-masing lokasi kerja adalah 24.8, 29.2, dan 6.11 berturut-turut. Dari seluruh subjek, didapati 9 (25.7%) orang memiliki keluhan repiratori dan 8 (22.8%) memiliki gambaran foto dada abnormal (pneumokoniosis dan tuberkulosis). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara kadar debu dengan keluhan respiratori dan gambaran foto dada (p>0.05). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara masa kerja dengan gejala respiratori dan gambaran pneumokoniosis pada foto dada (p=0.69). Kesimpulan : Angka kejadian pneumokoniosis pada pekerja keramik yang terpapar debu silika adalah 22,8%. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara kadar debu di tempat kerja dengan gejala respiratori dan foto dada. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara masa kerja dengan gejala respirasi dan gambaran pneumokoniosis pada foto dada.