Eufemisme dalam Bahasa Simalungun : Suatu Kajian Sosiolinguistik

Abstract

Euphemism is an alternative toward unaccepted, obscene and ominous words. This research is a sociolinguistic approach about words and phrases in Simalungun Language. The method use in this research is descriptive qualitative that gives quality or condition of words and phrases in Simalungun language. The data are collected by interview, documentation and observation, and analyzed based on Allan and Burridge's theory, the classified on Euphemism types and functions. The objective of the research focus on 1) identifying Euphemism words and phrases, 2) describin g ty pes o f Euphemism word s, 3) describ i ng functio ns of Euphemism words and phrases in Simalungun language. The finding s h o w s a d e s c r i p t i o n t h e r e a r e E u p h e mi s m w o r d s a n d p h r a s e s i n S i ma i u n g u n l a n g u a g e a n d t h e r e a r e s a me E u f e mi s m t y p e s a n d functions in Bahasa Simalungun such as 1) Figurative expressions, 2) Metaphor, 3) Circumlocutions, 4) Clippings, 5) Omission, 6) One for o n e s u b s t i t u t i o n , 7 ) G e n e r a l f o r S p e c i f i c , 8 ) H y p e r b o l e , 9 ) Understatement, 10) Colloquial 11) Remodeling 12) Part of Whole. A n d t h e f u n ct i o n s o f u s i n g t h e E u p h e mi s m w o r d s a n d p h r a s e s i n Simalungun language such as: 1. Naming consists of: a) God's name, b) Person's name based on age, gender, social background and social function, c) Besan's name, d) Daughter in law's name, e) Datu's name, f) Supernatural/unseen object's names, g) King's name, h) Uncle's name, i) Wild animal's name. 2. Sexual Organs and Activities, 3. Excestion, 4. Sickness and Mental Problems, 5. Death, 6. Obscene or ominous expressions:

E u f e m i s m e a d a l a h b e n t u k l a i n ( a l t e r n a t i f ) t e r h a d a p u n g k a p a n - u n g k a p a n y a n g t i d a k b e r k e n a n , m e n y i n g g u n g p e r a s a a n , m e n g h i n a a t a u s e s u a t u y a n g t i d a k meny enangk a n. Pene liti an ini me rup akan kajian so siolingiu stik tentang k a t a d a n f r a s a E u f e m i s m e d a l a m B a h a s a S i m a l u n g u n . M e t o d e y a n g di gunakan d alam penelitian ini ad alah metod e deskriptif kualit at if y aitu me m b eri g a mb aran / s i f at d a r i k a t a d a n f r a s a E u f e m i s m e d a l a m B a h a s a S i m a l u n g u n . D a t a d i k u m p u l k a n d e n g a n t e k n i k w a w a n c a r a , doku mentasi dan ob servasi, k emudian dian alisis d engan menggu nakan k e r a n g k a b e r p i k i r A l l a n d a n B u r r i d g e d a l a m p e n g e l o m p o k a n t i p e d a n f u n g s i E u f e m i s m e . T u j u a n p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h : 1 ) m e n g i d e n t i f i k a s i k a t a d a n f r a s a E u f e m i s m e , 2 ) m e n d e s k r i p s i k a n t i p e k a t a d a n f r a s a E u f e m i s m a , 3 ) m e n d e s k r i p s i k a n f u n g s i k a t a d a n f r a s a E u f e m i s m e d a l a m B a h a s a S i m a l u n g u n . H a s i l p e n e l i t i a n i n i m e n d e s k r i p s i k a n a d a n y a k a t a d a n f r a s a E u f e m i s m e B a h a s a S i m a l u n g u n d a n t e r d a p a t beberapa tipe kata dan frasa Eufemisme Bahasa Simalungun yaitu: 1) e k s p r e s s i f i g u r a t i v e 2 ) m e t a f o r 3 ) s i r k u m l o k u s i 4 ) K l i p p i n g 5 ) P e l e s a p a n 6 ) s a t u u n t u k s a t u s u b s t i t u s i 7 ) u m u m k e k h u s u s 8 ) h i p e r b o l a 9 ) p e r n y a t a n y a n g t i d a k l e n g k a p 1 0 ) K o l o k i a l 1 1 ) r e m o d e l 1 2 ) S e b a g i a n u n t u k k e s e l u r u h a n . A d a p u n f u n g s i p e n g g u n a a n k a t a d a n f r a s a E u f e m i s m e B a h a s a S i m a l u n g u n a d a l a h s b b : 1 . F u n g s i s a p a a n t e r d i r i d a r i : a ) n a ma T u h a n . b ) n a m a b e r d a s a r k a n u mu r , g e n d e r , l a t a r belakng scsial dan fungsi sosial. c) nama besan (laki-laki menyapa istri i p a r l a k i - l a k i n y a a t a u p e r e mp u a n m e n y a p a s u a mi i p a r p e r e m p u a n ny a ) . d ) n a m a p a r u m a e n ( m e n a n t u p e r e m p u a n ) . e ) n a m a d a t u ( d u k u n ) . f ) n a m a m a h l u k y a n g t i d a k k e l i h a t a n . g ) n a m a r a j a . h ) n a m a t u l a n g ( p a m a n ) i ) n a m a b i n a t a n g b u a s . 2 . F u n g s i m e n g h i n d a r i t a b u y ai tu : a ) b a g i a n t u b u h b ) o r g a n s e k s u a l d a n a k t i v i t a s n y a c ) b e n d a y a n g d i k e l u a r k a n t u b u h d a n a k t i v i t a s m e n g e l u a r k a n n y a d ) p e n y a k i t t u b u h atau mental dan cacat e) kematian f) sumpah serapah dan ejekan.