Uji Aktivitas Hipoglikemik Nano Partikel Daun Temuru dan Ekstrak Daun Temuru (Murraya koenigii (l.) Spreng) terhadap Tikus Putih yang Diinduksi Aloksan serta Aktivitas Antioksidannya

Abstract

World Health Organization predict that Diabetes Mellitus (DM) keep increasing whether in worldwide or Indonesia in 2030. Acarbose is an antidiabetic for DM type II that has a side effect. Treatment using the natural product is effectiveness and less side effect. Nanotechnology application in medicinal world keep increasing, but the nanotechnology in the leaves of temuru simplex has not been found. The aim of this study was to evalueted the hypoglycemic activity, determined the bioactive compounds, compared the hypoglycemic activity, and measured the antioxidant activity of nano particles and ethanolic extract of temuru leaves, and to determined the effect of blood glucose level against cholesterol in DM rats. Nano particles of temuru leaves was obtained using milling method then the characteristic of nano particles was analyzed using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and PSA (Particle Size Analyzer), while the extract was obtained using maceration. Hypoglycemic test was using rats that was induced with intraperitoneal of 150 mg/kg/BW alloxan. Blood glucose level was measured using glucose test instrument and the cholesterol was determined using enzymatic colorimetric method. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2.2- diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazil). SEM and PSA analysis showed that the of nano particles temuru leaveas had a soft and flat surface with the average particle size about 35.7±36.3 nm. Paired samples statistic analysis showed that the decreasing of fasted blood glucose level in the rats group that given nano particles and ethanolic extract of temuru leaves was significantly different with diabetic control group with significant value 0.003;0.002, P < 5%. Simple linier regression statistically showed that the increasing or decreasing of 1 mg/dL blood glucose level will increase or decrease the total cholesterol of 0.144 mg/dL. Phytochemical screening showed nano particles contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, saponins, antraquinone glycoside, tannin, triterpenoids/steroids, and the extract of temuru leaves contained bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoids/steroids. Antioxidant activity analysis showed that the IC50 of ethanolic extract of temuru leaves was 34.16 ppm and IC50 of nano particles was 324.43 ppm. The results indicates that nano particles and ethanolic extract of temuru leaves can decreasing the rats blood glucose level. The blood glucose levellevel in DM rats is influences the total cholesterol and the antioxidant activity of nano particles was higher than the ethanolic extract of temuru leaves.

World Health Organization memperkirakan penderita diabetes mellitus (DM) terus meningkat baik di dunia maupun di Indonesia pada tahun 2030. Akarbose sebagai antidiabetik DM tipe 2 memiliki efek samping. Pengobatan menggunakan bahan alam dianggap lebih aman dan mempunyai efek samping yang relatif kecil. Aplikasi teknologi nano dalam dunia pengobatan terus meningkat, tetapi belum ditemukan teknologi nano dalam pengolahan simplisia daun temuru. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menguji aktivitas hipoglikemik, menentukan golongan senyawa bioaktif, membandingkan aktivitas hipoglikemik, dan mengukur aktivitas antioksidan nano partikel dan ekstrak etanol daun temuru, serta mengetahui pengaruh kadar glukosa darah terhadap kadar kolesterol darah tikus DM. Nano partikel daun temuru diperoleh menggunakan metode milling selanjutnya karakteristik nano partikel dianalisis menggunakan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) dan PSA (Particle Size Analyzer), sedangkan ekstrak etanol daun temuru diperoleh dengan cara maserasi. Uji hipoglikemik menggunakan tikus yang diinduksi dengan aloksan 150 mg/kg bb intraperitoneal. Pengukuran kadar glukosa darah (KGD) tikus menggunakan alat glukotest dan penetapan kadar kolesterol total darah tikus menggunakan metode kolorimetri enzimatik. Penentuan aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl). Analisis SEM dan PSA menunjukkan bahwa nano partikel daun temuru memiliki permukaan yang halus dan rata dengan rerata ukuran partikel 35,77 ± 36,3 nm. Analisis paired samples statistic menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata penurunan KGD puasa kelompok tikus yang diberikan nano partikel dan ekstrak etanol daun temuru berbeda nyata dengan kelompok kontrol diabetik berturutturut dengan nilai signifikan 0,003; 0,002, P < 5%. Analisis regresi linier sederhana (RLS) secara statistik menunjukkan peningkatan dan penurunan KGD sebesar 1mg/dL akan meningkatkan atau menurunkan kadar kolesterol total tikus DM sebesar 0,144mg/dL. Skrining fitokimia menunjukkan nano partikel mengandung senyawa bioaktif alkaloid, flavonoid, glikosida, saponin, antrakuinon glikosida, tanin, triterpenoid/steroid, dan ekstrak etanol daun temuru mengandung senyawa bioaktif alkaloid, glikosida, saponin, dan triterpenoid/steroid. Analisis aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun temuru memiliki IC50 sebesar 34,16 ppm dan IC50 nano partikel sebesar 328,42 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nano partikel dan ekstrak etanol daun temuru dapat menurunkan KGD tikus. Kadar glukosa darah tikus mempengaruhi kadar kolesterol total tikus DM dan aktivitas antioksidan nano partikel lebih besar daripada ekstrak etanol daun temuru.