Pembuatan dan Uji Potensi Nanoherbal dan Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Tmbelekan (lantana camara Linn.) Sebagai Antituberkulosis dan Toksisitas Akut pada Hewan Percobaan

Abstract

Tuberculosis is still suffered by conciderable portion of Indonesian people. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been resistant to synthetic antituberculosis drugs such as rifampisin, etambutol, isoniazid, pirazinamid, dan streptomicyn. Traditionally, tembelekan flos has been used to treat chronic cough and bloody sputum probably due to tuberculosis.Nanoherbal have small particle size, morereadily soluble, so that absorption rate, easy to penetrate into the cell, faster onsert of action and lower dosage, and nanoherbal preparation cheaper because do not require costly ektraction process. The use of herbs as a drug may also cause toxic effects The potential difference of antituberculosis and toxicity between nanoherbal and extract can be due to differences in chemical content. Based on this, the researcher tested the potential of antituberculosis, toxicity test and test of chemical characteristics of nanoherbal and extract of tembelekan flos with the aim of obtaining alternative anti-TB drugs from rational, safe, cheap and easy to find. Nanoherbal of tembelekan flower was prepared in LIPI using High Energy Milling (HEM), and extract of tembelekan was prepared by percolation method using ethanol as solvent. Phytochemical screening are performed on fresh tembelekan flower, nanoherbal, and ethanolic extract. Antituberculosis testing was in vitro using Lowenstein-Jensen method and in vivo on guinea pig infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV. Toxicity tests were performed by Thomson- Weil method. with observations of physical abnormalities, The toxicity category was determined by the calculation of LD50, and histopathological observation of liver, pulmonary, and kidney organ.The chemical characteristics of nanoherbal and floral extracts are performed using TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography). The results of the phytochemical screening showed the same chemical compounds in flos, nanoherbal, and extracts of tembelekan flos, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids / triterpenoids, and tannins. In vitro test showed that nanoherbal have a stronger potency than the extract, concentrations of 50 mg/ml, nanoherbal give negative results until week 5, and extract 2+ at week 6. In vivo tests showed that nanoherbal have stronger potency to cure TB on animals infected with tuberculosis, dose 50mg/kgBW, from 3+ to negative at week 4 compared to negative, extract at week 6. The result obtained LD50 values for nanoherbal (12.95±0.29)g/kgBW and ethanol extract of tembelekan flos (11.88±0.57)g/kgBW, nanoherbal look slightly more toxic, however both included the category of light toxic or practically non-toxic. Chemical content in nanoherbal compounds were more common than extracts, 24 component flavonoid groups in nanoherbal and 20 components in ethanol extract, 20 component saponin groups in nanoherbal and 13 components on ethanol extract, tannin class of 24 nanoherbal components and 20 components on ethanolic extract.

Tuberkulosis (TB) masih banyak diderita penduduk Indonesia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis sebagai penyebab TB sudah banyak resisten terhadap obat sintetis rifampisin, etambutol, isoniazid, pirazinamid, dan streptomisin. Secara tradisional bunga tembelekan (Lantana camara Linn.) digunakan untuk mengobati batuk berdahak dan berdarah menahun, kemungkinan disebabkan tuberkulosis, namun di samping berkhasiat, kemungkinan juga menimbulkan efek toksik. Nanoherbal mempunyai ukuran partikel kecil, lebih mudah larut, sehingga laju absorbsi meningkat, sehingga kerja obat lebih cepat dan dosis lebih kecil, serta pembuatannya lebih murah karena tidak menggunakan bahan penyari. Perbedaan potensi antituberkulosis dan toksisitas antara nanoherbal dan ekstrak dapat disebabkan karena perbedaan kandungan senyawa kimia. Berdasarkan hal tersebut peneliti melakukan uji potensi antituberkulosis, uji toksisitas dan uji karakteristik kimia nanoherbal dan ekstrak bunga tembelekan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan obat antituberkulosis alternatif dari tumbuhan yang rasional, aman, murah dan mudah didapat. Nanoherbal bunga tembelekan dipersiapkan di LIPI menggunakan high energy milling (HEM), pembuatan ekstrak dengan penyari etanol 80%. Uji skrining fitokimia dilakukan terhadap bunga tembelekan segar, nanoherbal, dan ekstrak etanol. Uji potensi antituberkulosis dilakukan secara in vitro menggunakan metode Lowenstein-Jensen dan secara in vivo pada marmut diinfeksikan dengan Mycobakterium tuberculosis H37RV. Uji toksisitas akut dilakukan dengan metode Thomson-Weil. dengan pengamatan kategori tingkat toksisitas dengan perhitungan LD50 dan keelainan fisik, serta pengamatan hispatologi organ hati, paru-paru, dan ginjal. Karakteristik kimia nanoherbal dan ekstrak bunga tembelekan dilakukan menggunakan Kromatografi lapis tipis.. Hasil uji skrining fitokimia menunjukkan golongan senyawa kimia sama pada bunga segar, nanoherbal, dan ekstrak etanol, yaitu alkaloid, flavonoid, glikosida, saponin, steroid/triterpenoid, dan tannin. Secara in vitro dan in vivo. potensi antituberkulosis nanohebal lebih kuat dibanding ekstrak. Secara in vitro konsentrasi 50 mg/ml, nanoherbal memberi hasil negatif sampai minggu ke 5, dan ekstrak 2+ sampai minggu ke 6. Secara in vivo hewan tuberkulosis 3+, dosis 50mg/kgBB menjadi negatif pada minggu ke 4, dan ekstrak pada minggu ke 6. Nanoherbal sedikit lebih toksik dibanding ekstrak, LD50 nanoherbal (11.88±0.57)g/kgBB dan ekstrak (12.95±0,29)g/kgBB, namun ke duanya kategori toksik ringan. Kandungan golongan senyawa kimia di dalam nanoherbal lebih banyak dibandingkan ekstrak, golongan flavonoid 24 komponen pada nanoherbal dan 20 komponen pada ekstrak etanol, golongan saponin 20 komponen pada nanoherbal dan 13 komponen pada ekstrak etanol, golongan tanin 24 komponen padan nanoherbal dan 20 komponen pada ekstrak etanol.