Model Konseptual Revitalisasi Praktik Farmasi Komunitas di Indonesia

Abstract

Community pharmacy practice in Indonesia is described as practices that do not comply with the laws and rules of the profession. The majority of pharmacists are supposed to function the pharmacy as a place to conduct pharmacy practices, but they prefer not present every day. The purposes of the research are to develop a community pharmacy practice standards, to design models criteria determining the practices, and to design a conceptual model of the revitalization of community pharmacy practice in Indonesia. The community pharmacy practice standards composed of standards elements adopted from various provisions of laws, regulations and applied rules of profession, divided into five aspects of the standard: professional, managerial, dispensing, pharmaceutical care, and community health services. As a validation step, an opinion survey/feedback from community pharmacists in Indonesia was conducted, using a questionnaire instrument with five-point Likert scale to each standard elements. Questionnaire instruments were prepared by using google doc, sent directly to 800 community pharmacists’ facebook address in Indonesia to be filled online. A model for the determination of practice criteria was designed consisting of instrument assessing level of standard compliance and instrument determining practices criteria. Determination of practices criteria was based on obtained cumulative points and illustrated by the diagram of spider webs. Furthermore, a model of revitalization concept of community pharmacy practice was designed by researcher. This model consists of standard of practice, determination of practice criteria models, and Nolan models. The survey results showed that all the constituent elements of the standard practice offered obtained a positive opinion with a range of 3.64 to 4.56 points. The determination of practices criteria model can be used to determine the criteria for practice. The use of this model simplified the process of determination of practices criteria in the early stages of revitalization. The design of the conceptual model of the revitalization of community pharmacy practice consisted of 3 stages of revitalization with the goal of improving the level of presence and level of remuneration of pharmacists, increasing the intensity of the involvement of pharmacists and increasing the quality of pharmacists according to standards. Conceptual model of community pharmacy practice revitalization is an instrument, which can be used to gradually return the vital role of community pharmacy practice, in the implementation of pharmacy services that is safe, good quality, and affordable.

Praktik farmasi komunitas di Indonesia dideskripsikan sebagai praktik yang tidak memenuhi ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan dan kaidah-kaidah profesi. Mayoritas apoteker yang seharusnya menjadikan apotek sebagai tempat praktik kefarmasian, lebih memilih tidak hadir setiap harinya. Tujuan penelitian adalah menyusun standar praktik farmasi komunitas, merancang model penentuan kriteria praktik, dan merancang model konseptual revitalisasi praktik farmasi komunitas di Indonesia. Standar praktik farmasi komunitas disusun dari elemen-elemen standar yang diadopsi dari berbagai ketentuan dalam peraturan perundangan-undangan dan kaidah-kaidah profesi yang berlaku, terbagi ke dalam 5 aspek aktivitas standar: profesionalisme, manajerial, dispensing, asuhan kefarmasian, dan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat. Sebagai langkah validasi, dilakukan survei pendapat/masukan dari para apoteker komunitas di Indonesia, menggunakan instrumen kuesioner dengan skala Likert lima poin pada masing-masing elemen standar. Instrumen kuesioner disusun menggunakan fasilitas google doc, dikirim langsung ke 800 alamat facebook apoteker komunitas di Indonesia untuk diisi secara online. Model penentuan kriteria praktik terdiri dari instrumen penilaian tingkat pemenuhan standar dan instrumen penentuan kriteria praktik. Penentuan kriteria praktik didasarkan pada perolehan poin kumulatif dan digambarkan melalui diagram jaring laba-laba (spider web). Selanjutnya dirancang sebuah model konseptual revitalisasi praktik farmasi komunitas terdiri dari standar praktik, model penentuan kriteria praktik, dan model Nolan. Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa semua elemen penyusun standar praktik yang ditawarkan memperoleh pendapat positif dengan kisaran poin 3,64-4,56. Model penentuan kriteria praktik dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kriteria praktik. Penggunaan model penentuan kriteria praktik menyederhanakan proses penentuan kriteria praktik pada tahapan awal revitalisasi. Rancangan model konseptual revitalisasi praktik farmasi komunitas terdiri dari 3 tahapan revitalisasi dengan sasaran peningkatan level kehadiran dan level imbalan apoteker, peningkatan intensitas keterlibatan apoteker, dan peningkatan mutu kinerja apoteker sesuai standar. Model konseptual revitalisasi praktik farmasi komunitas merupakan sebuah instrumen, yang dapat digunakan secara bertahap mengembalikan peran vital praktik farmasi komunitas, dalam penyelenggaraan pelayanan kefarmasian yang aman, bermutu, dan terjangkau.