Rekonstruksi dan Pengelompokan Bahasa-Bahasa Batak

Abstract

This dissertation is the report of research into reconstruction and sub-grouping of batak languages (bbB) comprising Toba language (bT), Simalungun language (bS), Pakpak Dairi language (bPD), Angkola language (bA), Karo language (bK), and Mandailing language (bM). The research method is comparative method. The research problems cover correspondence sets, proto-phonemes, proto-morphemes, rules of sound changes, sub-grouping as well as phonemes and their phonetic realizations. The objectives of the research are to discover sound correspondence sets, proto-phonemes, proto-morphemes, rules of sound changes, sub-grouping as well as phonemes and their phonetic units in bbB. The analysis shows that the phonemic correspondence sets resulted from linear inheritance are a-a-a-a-a-a, u-u-u-u-u-u, and i-i-i-i-i-i of which proto-phonemes are respectively *a, *u, and *i as well as b-b-b-b-b-b, t-t-t-t-t-t , j-j-j-j-j-j r-r-r-r-r-r, l-l-l-l-l-l, -----, p-p-p-p-p-p, g-g-g-g-g-g, d-d-d-d-d-d, m-m-m-m-m-m, s-s-s-s-s-s, and d-n-n-n-n-n of which proto-phonemes are respectively *b, *t, *j, *r, *l, *, *p, *g, *d, *m, *s, and *n. Meanwhile, phonemic correspondence sets in bbB resulted from phonemic innovation are --e--e-, o-o-e-o-e-o, -ei---e-, --a--a-, u-u--u-u-u, and i-i-i-i-e-i of which proto-phonemes are respectively *, *o, *, *, *u, and *i as well as -h-h--h-, --m---, --n---, -----, h-h-k-h-k-h, k-k--k--, of which proto-phonemes are respectively *h, *, *, *, *k, and *. The sound change rules of bbB are as follows: 1. * → e/K___K, 2. *o → e/K___K, 3. * → ei/__, 4. * → a/K___K, K V 5. *u → /K___K, 6. *i → e/K___K, 7. *h → /___#, 8. *→ m /#__b, 9. * → n/#___t, 10. *k→h/#___ V,11. * → /___g, 12. * → k/___k, d 13. *n→d/V___ V. On the basis of the proto-phonemes, the reconstruction of proto-morphemes of bbB is conducted, resulting in a list of modern words along with their proto-morphemes. Based on the closeness of bbB between one to each other, the languages can be grouped into bT-bA-bM, bPD-bK, and bS. This research also reveals the phonemes and their phonetic units in bbB.

Disertasi ini merupakan laporan hasil penelitian mengenai rekonstruksi dan pengelompokan bahasa-bahasa Batak (bbB) yang terdiri atas bahasa Toba (bT), bahasa Simalungun (bS), bahasa Pakpak Dairi (bPD), bahasa Angkola (bA), bahasa Karo (bK), dan bahasa Mandailing (bM). Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam disertasi ini adalah metode komparatif. Masalah penelitian meliputi perangkat korespondensi bbB, proto-fonem bbB, proto-morfem bbB, rumus perubahan bunyi, pengelompokan bbB serta inventarisasi fonem dan realisasi fonetis bbB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, perangkat korespondensi fonemis yang diwariskan secara linear adalah a-a-a-a-a-a, u-u-u-u-u-u, dan i-i-i-i-i-i dengan proto-fonem masing-masing *a, *u, dan *i serta b-b-b-b-b-b, t-t-t-t-t-t, j-j-j-j-j-j r-r-r-r-r-r, l-l-l-l-l-l, -----, p-p-p-p-p-p , g-g-g-g-g-g, d-d-d-d-d-d, m-m-m-m-m-m, s-s-s-s-s-s, dan d-n-n-n-n-n dengan proto-fonem masing-masing *b, *t, *j, *r, *l, *, *p, *g, *d, *m, *s, dan *n. Sementara itu, perangkat korespondensi yang tidak linear adalah --e--e-, o-o-e-o-e-o, -ei---e-, --a--a-, u-u--u-u-u, dan i-i-i-i-e-i dengan proto-fonem masing-masing *, *o, *, *, *u, dan *i serta -h-h--h-, --m---, --n---, -----, h-h-k-h-k-h, k-k--k-- dengan proto-fonem masing-masing *h, *, *, *, *k, dan *. Rumus perubahan bunyi dari p(bbB) ke bbB adalah sebagai berikut: 1. * → e/K___K, 2. *o → e/K___K, 3. * → ei/__, 4. * → a/K___K, K V 5. *u → /K___K, 6. *i → e/K___K, 7. *h → /___#, 8. *→ m /#__b, 9. * → n/#___t, 10. *k→h/#___ V,11. * → /___g, 12. * → k/___k, d 13. *n→d/V___ V. Dengan diketahuinya proto-fonem, proto-morfem bbB direkonstruksi. Rekonstruksi tersebut menghasilkan satu daftar yang memuat kata-kata bbB yang sekarang dan kata-kata yang menurunkannya (proto-morfem). Berdasarkan inovasi bersama (shared innovation) dan kemiripan bbB antara satu dengan yang lain, bbB terdiri atas tiga kelompok yakni kelompok bT-bA-bM, bPD-bK, dan bS. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan fonem-fonem bbB dan realisasi fonetisnya.