Hubungan Paparan Partikel Debu dan Karakteristik Individu dengan Kapasitas Paru pada Pekerja di Gudang Pelabuhan Belawan

Abstract

Air pollution, either inside or outside the room, that can change air quality is the main problem of environmental health in the world. Community health in the sea port can be disrupted by the dust from the process of unloading, storage, preparation and transportation of goods such as flour, corn, rice and ceramic sands as well as road dust that can result in respiratory tract and lung capacity disorders. The purpose of this observational analytical study with cross-sectional design was to analyze the relationship between dust particles and individual characteristics and lung capacity in the employees working in the warehouse of the Port of Belawan. The population of this study was 129 employees and 60 of them were selected to be the samples through random sampling technique. The data for this study were obtained through questionnaire-based interview and direct measurement. The data obtained were analyzed through univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with chi square and fiher’s exact and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression tests. The result of Chi-square test showed that the variables related to lung capacity disorder were the dust particle level (p = 0.008), length of service (p = 0.007), age (p = 0.037) and wearing mask (p = 0.023). The result of multiple logistic regression tests showed that length of service was the most dominantly related to lung capacity disorder. In average, the employees experiencing lung capacity disorder are those who worked in the work places with dust particle level above the NAB, had longer length of service, were over 30 years old, had smoking habit, and did not wear masks while working. The employees are suggested to wear masks and not to smoke while working. The management of Port Health Quarantine Class I Medan is suggested to routinly check the lung capacity and measure the dust particle level and the Worker Association in the Port of Belawan should provide the health-qualified masks and periodically make work place rotation.

Pencemaran udara menjadi masalah kesehatan lingkungan yang utama di dunia, baik di dalam maupun diluar ruangan, yang dapat merubah kualitas udara. Kesehatan masyarakat di pelabuhan dapat terganggu oleh debu yang berasal dari proses pembongkaran, penyimpanan, penyusunan dan pengangkutan barang yang masuk atau keluar dari gudang Pelabuhan Belawan seperti : tepung, jagung, beras, pasir keramik, debu jalan dan menyebabkan gangguan saluran pernapasan dan kapasitas paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan paparan partikel debu dan karakteristik individu dengan kapasitas paru pada pekerja di gudang Pelabuhan Belawan. Metode penelitian analitik observasional dengan disain cross sectional. Populasi sebanyak 129 orang dan sampel 60 orang dengan teknik random sampling. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dengan kuesioner serta pengukuran langsung. Analisis dilakukan secara univariat, bivariat dengan uji chi square dan fisher’s exact dan multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik ganda. Hasil uji chi square menunjukkan variabel yang berhubungan dengan gangguan kapasitas paru yaitu kadar partikel debu (p=0,008), masa kerja (p=0,007), umur (p=0,037) dan penggunaan masker (p=0,023). Hasil uji Regresi Logistik Ganda variabel yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kapasitas paru adalah masa kerja. Pekerja yang mengalami gangguan kapasitas paru rata-rata berada pada tempat kerja yang kadar partikel debunya diatas NAB, mempunyai masa kerja yang lama, berumur diatas 30 tahun, mempunyai kebiasaan merokok dan tidak menggunakan masker ketika sedang bekerja. Disarankan kepada para pekerja agar menggunakan masker dan tidak merokok ketika bekerja, Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan Kelas I Medan agar rutin melakukan pemeriksaan kapasitas paru dan mengukur kadar partikel debu serta Asosiasi Pekerja di Pelabuhan Belawan menyediakan masker yang memenuhi syarat kesehatan dan membuat rotasi tempat bekerja secara berkala.