Pengaruh Karakteristik, Sanitasi Dasar dan Upaya Pencegahan terhadap Kejadian Diare pada Balita (1 - < 5 Tahun) di Kelurahan Sei Sekambing C Ii Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Helvetia Kota Medan Tahun 2014

Abstract

Diarrhea is the main cause of infant death and morbidity throughout the world. It is mostly caused by the source of food and drinking water. There were 114 balita (1-<5 years old) in the last three years (from October to December, 2013who were affected by diarrhea in the working area of Helvetia Puskesmas at Kelurahan Sei Sekambing C II, Medan. The purpose of this study was to find out the risk influencing the incident of diarrhea viewed from the characteristics of community, the availability of facilities and infrastructure of basic sanitation meeting the the requirements of environmental health and the dominant preventive efforts done by the community members in Kelurahan Sei Sikambing C-II Medan. This was an analytical survey study with case-control design. The populatiuon of this study was the mothers with children under five years old suffering from diarrhea and visiting Puskesmas for treatment. The samples were 62 children under five years old that were divided into two groups in which 31 of the children under five years old suffering from diarrhea belonged to the case group and the 31 children under five years old who did not suffer from diarrhea belonged to control group. The data obtained were processed in the form of frequency distribution, cross-tabulation, and Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression tests were conducted to find out the relationship between variables. The result of this study showed that the risk factor influencing and having relationship with the incident of diarrhea were consecutively knowledge OR = 0.142 (p = 0.001). the source of drinking water OR = 0.266 (p = 0.025), garbage management OR = 0.240 (p = 0.009), the availability of SPAL OR = 0.094 (p = 0.001), CTPS OR = 0.557 (p = 0.001). Breastfeeding Administration OR = 0.100 (p = 0.001), correct way of throwing the children’s feces OR = 0.114 (p = 0.001) and the effort of result prevention OR = 0.821 (p = 0.004). The individual probability to suffer from diarrhea in children under five years old was 98.0%. The variable which was the most dominant was knowledge at the multivatriate analysis of OR = 11.245 (p = 0.003). The community members are suggested to improve their knowledge with various health information that they are aware of PHBS and are able to solve the incident of diarrhea especially the one occurs to the children under five years old in a family.

Penyakit diare merupakan penyebab utama kematian anak dan morbiditas di dunia, yang sebagian besar disebabkan oleh sumber makanan dan air minum yang terkontaminasi disamping sanitasi lingkungan yang kurang. Masih tingginya angka kejadian diare pada balita (1-<5 Tahun) 3bulan terakhir yaitu Bulan Oktober s/d Desember Tahun 2013 sebanyak 114 balita di Kelurahan Sei Sekambing C II Medan Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Helvetia Kota Medan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui resiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian diare ditinjau dari karakteristik masyarakat, ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana sanitasi dasar yang memenuhi syarat kesehatan lingkungan serta upaya pencegahan yang dominan. Metode penelitian adalah survei analitik dengan rancangan case control. Pengambilan sampel dengan purposive sampling. Sampel adalah balita yang berobat ke Puskesmas berjumlah62 balita terdiri dari 31 balita yang menderita diare sebagai kasus dan 31 balita yang tidak menderita diare sebagai kontrol. Data disajikan dalam bentuk distribusi frekuensi, diolahdengan tabulasi silang untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel dan dilakukan analisis chi square dan regresi logistik berganda untuk mengetahui variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian diare pada balita. Hasil penelitian dari faktor risiko yangberhubungan dan berpengaruh terhadap kejadian diare yaitu secara berurutan yaitu, pengetahuan OR=0,142 (p=0,001), sumber air minum OR=0,266 (p=0,025), pengelolaan sampah OR=0,240 (p=0,009), ketersediaan SPAL OR=0,094 (p=0,001), CTPS OR=0,557 (p=0,001), pemberian ASI OR=0,100 (p=0,001), pembuangan tinja balita yang benar OR=0,114 (p=0,001) dan upaya pencegahan hasil OR = 0,821 (p = 0,004).Peluang individu untuk terkena diare pada balita dari variabel-variabel yang berpengaruh adalah sebesar 98%. Variabel yang paling dominan adalah pengetahuan dengan hasil analisa multivariat OR=11,245 (p=0,003). Disarankan kepada masyarakat agar meningkatkan pengetahuan dengan berbagai informasi kesehatan sehingga menimbulkan kesadaran untuk ber-PHBS dan dapat mengatasi kejadian diare terutama terhadap balita di rumah tangga.