Pengaruh Faktor Predisposisi, Faktor Pendukung dan Faktor Pendorong terhadap Pola Makan Siswi SMA Yayasan Pendidikan Shafiyyatul Amaliyyah Medan

Abstract

The success of development can bring a negative impact such as the changes of meal pattern. The meal pattern shifts from traditional to fast food diets containing fat, sugar and salt but fiber. The imbalance between the intakes of the nutritional needs in the teenagers will cause problems, either the problem of malnutrition or excess nutrients. The result of preliminary survey done by the researcher to 25 female students of SMA Yayasan Pendidikan Shaffiyyatul Amaliyyah Medan showed that 60% of the female students consumed fast food diet every day. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of predisposing factors such as knowledge and attitude, the reinforcing factors like pocket money and their activities, and the enabling factors such as school mates and fast food promotions on the student’s meal pattern of SMA Yayasan Pendidikan Shafiyyatul Amaliyyah Medan. The study was conducted based on analytical survey. The population were the female students of Shafiyyatul Amaliyyah Medan of X, XI, and XII grades totaling 122. The number of sample, which was taken by using simple random sampling, were 94. The data were collected by distributing a questionnaire to the students concerning with their meal pattern covering food recall and food frequency. The data obtained were analyzed through multiple linear regression tests. The result of this study showed that there was significant influence between attitude on students’ meal pattern (energy intake). There was a significant influence between knowledge on students’ meal pattern (protein intake). It is suggested that some concerned institutions (schools, the educational office, and the health office) do promotion and preventive efforts on student’s meal pattern. Teenagers need to have some knowledge of healthy food so that they can protect themselves individually.

Keberhasilan pembangunan dapat memberi dampak negatif antara lain dampak perubahan pola makan. Pola makan bergeser dari pola makan tradisional ke pola makan cepat saji, yang banyak mengandung lemak, gula dan garam tetapi miskin serat. Ketidakseimbangan antara asupan kebutuhan gizi pada remaja akan menimbulkan masalah, baik berupa masalah gizi kurang maupun lebih. Hasil survey awal yang dilakukan oleh peneliti terhadap 25 siswi di SMA Yayasan Pendidikan Shaffiyatul Amaliyyah Medan, sebanyak 60% siswi mengonsumsi makanan cepat saji setiap hari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh faktor predisposisi (pengetahuan dan sikap), faktor pendukung (uang saku dan tingkat aktivitas), dan faktor pendorong (teman dan promosi makanan cepat saji) terhadap pola makan siswi SMA Yayasan Shafiyyatul Amaliyyah Medan. Jenis penelitian adalah survei analitik. Populasi penelitian adalah siswi SMA Yayasan Shafiyyatul Amaliyyah Medan kelas X, XI, XII yang berjumlah 122 orang. Besar sampel sebanyak 94 orang, yang ditentukan dengan teknik simple random sampling. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner, pola makan dengan Formulir Food Recall dan Food Frequency. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada pengaruh signifikan antara faktor predisposisi (sikap) terhadap pola makan (tingkat asupan energi) siswi. Ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara faktor predisposisi (pengetahuan) terhadap pola makan (tingkat asupan protein) siswi. Disarankan kepada pihak-pihak terkait (sekolah, Dinas Pendidikan dan Dinas Kesehatan) untuk melakukan upaya promotif dan preventif tentang pola makan yang sehat. Remaja perlu memahami pola makan yang sehat agar dapat mencegah dan menanggulangi akibat pola makan yang salah secara mandiri.