Struktur Semantis Verba Bahasa Indonesia

Abstract

This study analyzes the meaning of Indonesian verb. The theory which is used is Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory. Aspect of meaning which are analyzed are classif ication, transitivity, role, semantic primes, and structure. The result of the study indicates that Indonesian verb can be classified into state, process, and action. The three verbs have their own constituent. state verb has the class of cognitive, knowledge~ emotion, and perception; process verb has the class of event, physical process, and motion (nonagentive); and action verb has the class of motion (agentive), utterance, and movement. The transitivity of state and process verb is lower than action verb based on involvement a number of semantic components. State verb in general has the role of locative and locative-theme. In process verb, UNDERGOER is derived to patient and theme. Semantic relation of action verb is agentlocative, agent-theme, and agent-patient. Then, semantic primes of THINK, KNOW, FEEL, and SEE can be found in state verb. In process verb, the crucial element is HAPPEN and MOVE. Action verb has the element of MOVE, SAY, dan DO. Semantic structure of Indonesian verb are formulated from a number of polysemy and the combination of the semantic primes indicated similarity and difference of semantic structure of Indonesian verb.

Penelitian ini rnernbahas rnakna verba bahasa Indonesia (VBl). Teori yang digunakan ialah teori "Makna Alarniah · Metabahasa". Aspek makna yang dikaji adalah klasifikasi, ketransitifan, peran, "makna asali", dan struktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa VBl dapat digolongkan atas keadaan, proses, dan tindakan. Ketiga verba ini mempunyai kelas bawahan sendiri. Verba keadaan rnempunyai kelas kognisi, pengetahuan, emosi, dan persepsi; verba proses mempunyai kelas kejadian, proses badaniah, dan gerakan (bukan agentif); dan verba tindakan rnerniliki kelas gerakan (agentif), ujaran, dan perpindahan. Tingkat ketransitifan verba keadaan dan verba proses lebih rendah daripada verba tindakan berdasarkan pelibatan sejumlah kornponen sernantis. Verba keadaan pada umumnya memiliki peran lokatif dan lokatif-terna. Pada verba proses, PENDERITA diderivasi rnenjadi pasien dan terna. Relasi sernantis verba tindakan ialah agen-lokatif, agen-tema, dan agen-pasien. Selanjutnya, "makna asali" MEMlKlRKAN, MENGETAHUl, MERASAKAN, dan ~ELlHAT terdapat pada verba keadaan. Pada verba proses, elemen yang berperan sentral ialah TERJADI dan BERGERAK. Verba tindakan memiliki elemen BERGERAK, MENGATAKAN, dan MELAKUKAN. Struktur semantis VBl diformulasikan dari sejumlah "polisemi" dan kombinasi "makna asali" ini rnenunjukkan persarnaan dan perbedaan struktur sernantis VBI.