Analisis Potensi Erosi pada Das Deli Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis

Abstract

The Deli DAS (watershed) is a part of the river area unit of the Wampu River, the Ular River, and the Padang River which has the area of 472.98 square kilometers. It consists of seven sub-watersheds passing the downtown of Medan. The increasing human interaction with Deli watershed has brought about land erosion along the watershed. A modern technological application which is able to provide the information about the potential erosion, TBE (dangerous erosion level), land sediment, and the flow of land erosion into the river are need in order to know the cause of the increasing incidence of land erosion along the Deli DAS. This information can be used as guidance for decision making in handling the effect of erosion and for discovering why the river is becoming shallow as the result of land erosion. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research, entitled, “The Analysis of the Potential Erosion along the Deli DAS (Watershed), Using SIG (Geographical Information System)” which constitutes the composite between Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) as the estimation for potential erosion and the Decree of the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia in 2009 as the estimation for TBE and Verstraten equation 2007 as the estimation for the sediment flow capacity which was influenced by vegetation with SIG which yielded special data base to become a new information deposit in the potential erosion along the Deli DAS. The result of the research showed that the Deli DAS underwent five incidences of erosion: very minor damaged (3,138,312 hectares or 6.64%), minor damaged (7,505,460 hectares or 15.87%), moderate (24.019, 166 hectares or 50.78%), heavily damaged (12,013,670 hectares or 25.40%), and seriously damaged (621,423, hectares or 1.31%) with the average erosion annually of 138.808 tons/ha/year or 6,565,344,948 tons/year was in the landmark of moderate erosion class. The implementation of land conservation along the Deli DAS had caused land erosion to decrease around 56.64 tons/ha/year or 59.20%, compared with the amount of land erosion prior to the land conservation. Based on the category of TBE, the Deli DAS was domineered by the criteria of serious danger/ very critical land with the area of 28,760,755 hectares or 60.81% of the total Deli DAS area. The estimation of erosion which flowed to the downstream of sub-Deli Petani DAS was around 2.638 tons/ha/year, sub-Deli Deli DAS was around 3.99 tons/ha/year, sub-Deli Paluh Besar DAS was around 2.291 tons/ha/year, sub-Deli Sei Sekambing DAS was around 0.158 tons/ha/year, sub-Deli Simaimai DAS was around 2.141 tons/ha/year, sub-Deli Babura DAS was around 7.121 tons/ha/year, and sub-Deli Bekala DAS was around 4.619 tons/ha/year. The flow of sediment that occurred along the Deli DAS was 162,288,818 tons/ha/year which yielded sediment volume of 81,144,41 cubic meters so that it was estimated that the cost for taking the river sediment caused by land erosion would be Rp.1, 282, 081,662 per year.

Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Deli merupakan salah satu bagian satuan wilayah sungai (WS) Wampu – Ular – Padang yang memiliki luas 472,98 km2 Untuk mengatasi terjadinya erosi tanah yang terus menerus meningkat di DAS Deli, maka diperlukan suatu aplikasi teknologi mutakhir yang mampu menggambarkan informasi potensi erosi, tingkat bahaya erosi (TBE), endapan lahan, dan masuknya erosi tanah ke sungai. Sehingga nantinya berfungsi sebagai pedoman pembuat keputusan untuk penanggulangan dampak erosi dan pendangkalan sungai akibat erosi tanah pada DAS Deli, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan suatu kajian dengan judul: “Analisis Potensi Erosi pada DAS Deli Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG)”yang merupakan komposit antara metode Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) sebagai pendugaan potensi erosi, peraturan Menteri Kehutanan RI, 2009 sebagai pendugaan tingkat bahaya erosi (TBE), dan persamaan Verstraten, 2007 sebagai pendugaan kapasitas angkutan sedimen yang dipengaruhi vegetasi dengan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) yang menghasilkan basis data spasial menjadi lapisan informasi baru pada potensi erosi di DAS Deli.dan terdiri dari tujuh sub DAS yang langsung melintasi jantung kota Medan, akibat interaksi manusia yang terus meningkat terhadap DAS Deli akan memberikan dampak erosi tanah terhadap DAS tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa DAS Deli mengalami 5 kejadian sebaran erosi, yaitu sangat ringan 3.138,312 ha (6,64 %), ringan 7.505,460 ha (15,87 %), sedang 24.019,166 ha (50,78 %), berat 12.013,670 ha (25,40 %), dan sangat berat 621,423 ha (1,31 %), dengan erosi rata – rata tahunan 138,808 ton/ha/tahun atau 6.565.344,948 ton/thn berada pada tolak ukur kelas erosi sedang, dengan adanya penerapan konservasi tanah di lahan DAS Deli terjadi penurunan erosi tanah sebesar 56,64 ton/ha/tahun atau terjadi persentasi penurunan akibat konservasi lahan sebesar 59,20 % dari besaran erosi sebelum konservasi tanah. Berdasarkan kategori tingkat bahaya erosi (TBE), DAS Deli didominasi pada kriteria sangat bahaya/lahan sangat kritis dengan sebaran luas 28.760,755 ha atau 60,81 % dari total luas DAS Deli. Perkiraan erosi yang masuk ke hilir sungai sub DAS Deli Petani berkisar 2,638 ton/ha/tahun, sub DAS Deli Deli berkisar 3,939 ton/ha/tahun, sub DAS Deli Paluh Besar berkisar 2,291 ton/ha/tahun, sub DAS Deli Sei Sekambing berkisar 0,158 ton/ha/tahun, sub DAS Deli Simaimai berkisar 2,141 ton/ha/tahun, sub DAS Deli Babura berkisar 7,121 ton/ha/tahun, dan sub DAS Deli Bekala berkisar 4,619 ton/ha/tahun. Kemudian pelepasan sedimen yang terjadi di sungai DAS Deli sebesar 162.288,818 ton/tahun yang menghasilkan volume sedimen 81.144,41 m3, maka dapat diperkirakan biaya pengambilan sedimen sungai akibat erosi tanah sebesar Rp . 1.282.081.662/year.