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    Pengaruh Ekstrak Bunga Brokoli (Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Italica Plenck) terhadap Penghambatan Penuaan Kulit Dini (Photoaging): Kajian pada Ekspresi Matriks Metalloproteinase-1 dan Prokolagen Tipe 1 Secara In Vitro pada Fibroblas Kulit Manusia

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    Date
    2012
    Author
    Jusuf, Nelva Karmila
    Advisor(s)
    Soebono, Hardyanto
    Hadisahputra, Sumadio
    Bachtiar, Adang
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    Abstract
    Background : Aging is a physiologic process which occurs in all organs including the skin. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is the major external factor that cause photoaging by generating reactive oxygen species that increase Matrix Metalloproteinase – 1 (MMP-1) and decrease synthesis of type I procollagen. Indonesia as one of a biodiversity country is very potential to produce herbal richest antioxidants that act as skin antiaging agent. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) is a cruciferae group vegetables which has a great amount of antioxidant. Objectives : To investigate broccoli flower extract (BFE) as an effective and safe skin anti photoaging agent in vitro. Methods : An experimental (in vitro) study had been conducted including phytochemical test of BFE, photoaging inhibition test and cytotoxicity test. Phytochemical test had been done by qualitative identification of chemical compound of BFE. Photoaging inhibition test based on quantification of MMP-1 and type I procollagen expression at mRNA and protein level in ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiated human skin fibroblast culture. The mRNA assay had been done by Real time RT – PCR while the protein assay done by ELISA/EIA. The cytotoxicity test had been done by MTT assay to determine the cell viability by BFE exprosure Result : Phytochemical test showed BFE contains alkaloids, glicosides, steroids/triterpenoids, saponin and flavonoids. The mean value of mRNA MMP-1 expression were 116.233 and 124.800g/ml at 50 and 100mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation. Treatment of BFE with 25, 50 and 100g/ml decreased the mRNA MMP-1 expression to 110.900, 48.300, and 20.167g/mL at 50mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation and 91.700, 77.600 and 55.333g/ml at 100mJ/cm2 . The mean value of protein MMP-1 expression were 19.474 and 19.510ng/ml at 50 and 100mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation. Treatment of BFE 25, 50 and 100g/ml decreased the protein MMP-1 expression to 18.996, 18.711, 13.105ng/ml at 50mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation and 17.974, 17.342, 16.578g/ml at 100mJ/cm2 . The mean value of mRNA type I procollagen expression were 30.167 and 22.633g/ml at 50 and 100mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation.Treatment of BFE 25, 50 and 100g/ml increased the mRNA type I procollagen expression to 43.767, 46.667, 48.600g/ml at 50mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation and 32.467, 51.433, 60.867g/ml at 100mJ/cm2 . The mean value of protein type I procollagen expression were 163.878 and 132.329ng/ml at 50 and 100mJ/cm2 . Treatment of BFE with 25, 50 and Universitas Sumatera Utara iv 100g/ml increased the protein type I procollagen expression to 179.434, 195.972, 336.342ng/ml at 50mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation and 135.624, 137.177, 168.969ng/ml at 100mJ/cm2 . By Anova two ways we found there were significant differences of the mean value of between mRNA MMP-1, protein MMP-1, mRNA type I procollagen and protein type I procollagen expression based on irradiation dose (p < 0.05) and BFE concentration (p < 0.05). There were also an interaction between irradiation dose and BFE concentration (p < 0.05). By Spearman’s correlation test there were significant negative correlation between BFE concentration with mRNA MMP-1 expression (r = - 0.972, p < 0.01) at 50mJ/cm2 UVB irradition and at 100mJ/cm2 (r = - 0.972, p < 0.01), as well as BFE concentration and protein MMP-1 expression at 50mJ/cm2 irradiation (r = - 0.973, p < 0.01) and at 100mJ/cm2 (r = - 0.972, p < 0.01). There were significant positive correlation between BFE concentration and mRNA procollagen type I expression at 50mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation (r = 0.972, p < 0.01) and at 100mJ/cm2 (r = 0.972, p < 0.01), as well as BFE concentration with protein procollagen type I expression at 50 mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation (r = 0.975, p < 0.01) and at 100 mJ/cm2 (r = 0.973, p < 0.01). By Spearman’s correlation test there were significant positive correlation between MMP-1 expression at mRNA level with protein level at 50 mJ/cm2 (r = 0.911, p < 0.01) and at 100mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation (r = 0.972, p < 0.01). By Spearman’s correlation test there were significant positive correlation between type I procollagen expression at mRNA level with protein level at 50mJ/cm2 (r = 0.975, p < 0.01) and at 100 mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation (r = 0.956, p < 0.01). The cytotoxicity test showed BFE until 1000g/ml did not cytotoxic to human skin fibroblast. The mean value of viability cell was 111.79 %. Conclusion : BFE contains alkaloids, glicosides, steroids/triterpenoids, saponin and flavonoids. BFE decrease MMP-1 expression and increase type I procollagen expression both at mRNA and protein level. There were correlations between BFE concentration with MMP-1 and type I procollagen expression at mRNA and protein level. There were correlations between MMP-1 and type I procollagen expression at mRNA level with protein level. BFE did not cytotoxic to human skin fibroblast. Therefore BFE has been proved as an effective and safe skin anti photoaging agent in cellular as well as molecular level, in vitro. Finally it is suggested further investigation involving animal and human subjects could be carried out in the future.
     
    Latar belakang : Proses penuaan adalah proses fisiologis yang terjadi pada seluruh organ tubuh termasuk kulit. Sinar ultraviolet (UV) merupakan faktor luar yang paling berperan sebagai penyebab penuaan kulit dini (photoaging) melalui produksi spesies oksigen reaktif yang selanjutnya dapat menyebabkan peningkatan Matriks Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) dan penurunan sintesis prokolagen tipe I. Indonesia sebagai negara dengan keanekaragaman hayati sangat potensial menghasilkan antioksidan herbal yang mampu bekerja menghambat proses penuaan kulit. Brokoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman kubis-kubisan yang kaya akan antioksidan. Tujuan : Membuktikan ekstrak bunga brokoli (EBB) sebagai obat herbal baru yang efektif dan aman sebagai anti penuaan kulit dini (photoaging) secara in vitro. Metode : Sebuah studi eksperimen laboratorium telah dilakukan meliputi uji kandungan fitokimia dari EBB, uji penghambatan penuaan kulit dini (photoaging) secara in vitro, dan uji sitotoksisitas. Uji fitokimia dilakukan dengan identifikasi secara kualitatif golongan senyawa yang terkandung dalam EBB. Uji penghambatan photoaging dilakukan dengan pengukuran ekspresi MMP-1 dan prokolagen tipe I pada tingkat mRNA dan tingkat protein pada kultur fibroblas kulit manusia yang dipajan sinar ultraviolet B (UVB). Pemeriksaan mRNA dilakukan dengan Real time RT-PCR sedangkan pemeriksaan protein dengan metode ELISA/EIA. Uji sitotoksitas dilakukan dengan uji MTT untuk menilai viabilitas sel fibroblas terhadap paparan EBB. Hasil : Uji fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa EBB mengandung alkaloid, glikosida, steroid/triterpenoid, saponin, dan flavonoid. Nilai rerata ekspresi mRNA MMP-1 pada penyinaran UVB 50 dan 100mJ/cm2 adalah 116,233 dan 124,800g/ml. Pemberian EBB dengan konsentrasi 25, 50 dan 100g/ml mampu menurunkan ekspresi mRNA MMP-1 masing-masing menjadi 110,900, 48,300, 20,167g/ml pada penyinaran 50mJ/cm2 dan 91,700, 77,600, 55,333g/ml pada penyinaran 100mJ/cm2 . Nilai rerata ekspresi protein MMP-1 pada penyinaran UVB 50 dan 100mJ/cm2 adalah 19,474 dan 19,510ng/ml. Pemberian EBB 25, 50 dan 100g/ml menurunkan ekspresi protein MMP-1 menjadi 18,996, 18,711, 13,105ng/ml pada penyinaran 50mJ/cm2 dan menjadi 17,974, 17,342, 16,578ng/ml pada penyinaran 100mJ/cm2 . Nilai rerata ekspresi mRNA prokolagen tipe I pada penyinaran UVB 50 dan 100mJ/cm2 adalah 30,167 dan 22,633g/ml. Pemberian EBB 25, 50, dan 100g/ml dapat meningkatkan ekspresi mRNA prokolagen tipe I menjadi 43,767, 46,667, 48,600g/ml pada penyinaran 50mJ/cm2 dan 32,467, 51,433, 60,867g/ml pada penyinaran 100mJ/cm2 . Nilai rerata ekspresi protein prokolagen tipe I pada penyinaran UVB 50 dan 100mJ/cm2 adalah 163,878 dan 132,329ng/ml. Pemberian EBB 25, 50 dan 100g/ml mampu meningkatkan ekspresi protein prokolagen tipe I menjadi 179,434, 195,972, 336,342ng/ml pada penyinaran 50mJ/cm2 dan 135,624, 137,177, 168,969ng/ml pada penyinaran 100mJ/cm2 . Dengan Uji Anova two ways terdapat perbedaan bermakna rerata ekspresi mRNA MMP-1, protein MMP-1, mRNA prokolagen tipe I dan protein prokolagen tipe I berdasarkan dosis penyinaran (p < 0,05) dan konsentrasi ekstrak (p < 0,05) dan terdapat interaksi antara dosis penyinaran dan konsentrasi ekstrak (p < 0,05). Dengan uji korelasi Spearman’s terdapat hubungan negatif yang bermakna antara konsentrasi EBB dengan ekspresi mRNA MMP-1 pada penyinaran 50mJ/cm2 (r = - 0,972, p < 0,01) dan 100mJ/cm2 (r = - 0,972, p < 0,01). Demikian pula antara konsentrasi EBB dengan ekspresi protein MMP-1 pada penyinaran 50mJ/cm2 (r = - 0,973, p < 0,01) dan 100mJ/cm2 (r = - 0,972, p < 0,01). Terdapat hubungan positif yang bermakna antara konsentrasi EBB dengan ekspresi mRNA prokolagen tipe I pada penyinaran 50mJ/cm2 (r = 0,972, p < 0,01) dan 100mJ/cm2 (r = 0,972, p < 0,01). Demikian pula antara konsentrasi EBB dengan ekspresi protein prokolagen tipe I pada penyinaran 50mJ/cm2 (r = 0,975, p < 0,01) dan 100mJ/cm2 (r = 0,973, p < 0,01). Dengan uji korelasi Spearman’s terdapat hubungan searah yang bermakna antara ekspresi MMP-1 pada tingkat mRNA dan tingkat proteinnya pada penyinaran 50mJ/cm2 (r = 0,911, p < 0,01) ataupun penyinaran 100mJ/cm2 (r = 0,972, p < 0,01). Dengan uji korelasi Spearman’s terdapat hubungan searah yang bermakna antara ekspresi prokolagen tipe I pada tingkat mRNA dengan tingkat proteinnya pada penyinaran 50mJ/cm2 (r = 0,975, p < 0,01) maupun 100mJ/cm2 (r = 0,956, p < 0,01). Simpulan : EBB mengandung alkaloid, glikosida, steroid/ triterpenoid, saponin, dan flavonoid. EBB dapat menurunkan ekspresi MMP-1 dan meningkatkan ekspresi prokolagen tipe I baik pada tingkat mRNA maupun tingkat protein. Ada hubungan konsentrasi EBB dengan ekspresi MMP-1 dan prokolagen tipe I pada tingkat mRNA ataupun protein. Ada hubungan hasil ekspresi MMP-1 dan prokolagen tipe I pada tingkat mRNA dengan tingkat proteinnya. EBB tidak menimbulkan efek sitotoksik terhadap sel fibroblas kulit manusia. Dengan demikian, EBB terbukti efektif dan aman sebagai anti penuaan kulit dini (photoaging) pada tingkat seluler dan molekuler secara in vitro. Selanjutnya diharapkan dapat diteliti pada hewan coba dan manusia.

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