Faktor - faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) pada Balita di Daerah Pesisir Kota Sibolga Tahun 2020

Abstract

ISPA(Acute Respiratory Track Infection)is a transmitted respiratory tract disease caused by environmental&human factors.Balita (below five year-old children)is very vulnerable to it. According to data from Riskesdas in2018,it was caused by virus or bacteria.The symptoms are high fever, followed by pain in throat,difficult to swallow, flu& coughing with or without phlegm transmitted through patients’ droplet. Riskesdas in2018revealed that,nationally,the prevalence of ISPA in balita was12.8%,8.7%in North Sumatera & 57% in Sibolga. The objective of the research was to analyze some factors which were correlated with the incidence of ISPA in balita at the coastal area of Sibolga. The data were gathered by using questionnaires.The research used cross sectional design.The samples were 265 (Isaac & Michael tables).The data were analyzed by using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis, & multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression tests. From the samples,it was found that 144 of them (54.3%)were affected by ISPA and 121 of them (45.7%) were not.The result of univariate analysis showed that 141 respondents (53.2%) had good requirement for their floors,146 of them (55.1%) for walls, 70 of them (26.4%) for air ventilation,257 of them(97%) for room temperature, 225 of them(84.9%)for lighting,233 of them (87.9%) for moisture, 181 of them (68.3%) for population density. From the factor of children,it was found that there werel3l boys(49.4%), 188 of the balita (0.9%) were 6-35 months old, 217 of them (81.9%) were not BBLR, 206 of them (77.7%) had bad nurition, 160 of them (60.4%) got vitamin A,139 of them (52.5%) got immunization completion, 177 of them (66,8%) were breastfed with ASI (breast milk), 202 of them (76.2%) smoked,40 of them(15.1%)used wood as fuel, and 27 of them (10.2%) used mosquito coils. The result of bivariate analysis showed that 8(eight) independent variables which were correlated were smoking (p-value=0.003), using mosquito coils (p-value=0.026), floors (p-value=0.033),walls (p-value=0.002), population density (p-value=0.001),nutritional status (p-value=0.001), air ventilation (p-value=0.012), vitamin A (p-value=0.024) &complete immunization (p-value=0.035).The result of multivariate analysis showed that the variables ofsmoking,condition ofhouse walls,nutritional status & immunization completion caused the incidence ofISPA in balita at the coastal area ofsibolga (75.8%). It is recommended that prevent ISPA by increasing nutritional status, ASI, visiting posyandu& no smoking inside their houses.

ISPA adalah penyakit saluran pernapasan yang dapat menular dipengaruhi faktor lingkungan dan faktor-faktor pada manusia yang mempengaruhi timbulnya penyakit. Usia balita paling rentan dengan infeksi saluran pernapasan. Menurut Riskesdas 2018, ISPA disebabkan oleh virus atau bakteri, diawali dengan panas disertai gejala tenggorokan sakit atau nyeri telan, pilek, batuk kering atau berdahak yang ditularkan melalui droplet penderita. Hasil Riskesdas 2018 prevalensi ISPA balita secara nasional sebesar 12,8%, Sumatera Utara sebesar 8,7% dan Sibolga sebesar 57%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit ISPA pada balita di daerah pesisir Kota Sibolga. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuesioner. Desain penelitian yang digunakan cross sectional, jumlah sampel 265 (tabel Isaac dan Michael). Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini dianalisis dengan metode univariat, bivariat dan multivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistic berganda (multiple regression). Dari 265 sampel, diketahui 144(54,3%) ISPA dan 121(45,7 %) tidak ISPA. Hasil analisis univariat yang memenuhi syarat sebanyak 141 (53,2%) lantai,146 (55,1%) dinding,70 (26,4) ventilasi udara, 257(97%) suhu ruangan, 225(84,9%) pencahayaan, 233(87,9%) kelembaban,181(68,3%) kepadatan hunian. Faktor individu anak, diperoleh data anak laki-laki 131(49,4%), Umur balita 6-35 bulan 188 (70,9%), tidak BBLR 217(81,9%), 206 (77,7%) gizi baik, memperoleh vitamin A 160(60,4%), imunisasi lengkap sebanyak 139(52,5%) mendapat ASI sebanyak 177(66,8%). Perilaku kebiasaan merokok sebanyak 202(76,2%), penggunaan kayu bakar sebanyak 40(15,1%) dan menggunakan anti nyamuk bakar sebanyak 27(10,2%). Hasil analisis bivariat mendapatkan delapan variabel independen yang berhubungan yaitu kebiasaan merokok (p-value=0,003), penggunaan anti nyamuk bakar(p-value=0,026), lantai(p-value=0,033), dinding(p-value=0,002), kepadatan hunian (p-value=0,001), status gizi(p-value=0,001), ventilasi udara (p-value=0,012), vitamin A(p-va34e=0,024),kelengkapan imunisasi (p-value=0,35). Hasil analisis multivariat mendapatkan variabel kebiasaan merokok, kondisi dinding rumah, status gizi dan kelengkapan imunisasi menyebabkan kejadian ISPA pada balita di daerah pesisir Kota Sibolga sebesar 75,8%. Diharapkan masyarakat dapat mencegah terjadinya ISPA dengan meningkatkan status gizi,ASI, kunjungan ke Posyandu dan tidak merokok di dalam rumah.