Efek Hipokolesterolemia Hasil Fermentasi Bawang Bombay (Allium cepa L. var cepa) pada Tikus (Rattus novergicus)

Abstract

Penyakit jantung koroner adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh timbunan plak di arteri koronaria, sehingga menyumbat pembuluh darah yang disebut dengan istilah aterosklerosis. Kejadian aterosklerosis berawal dari hiperkolesterolemia. Peningkatan kadar kolesterol total, kadar trigliserida (TG), kadar low density lipoprotein (LDL) dan penurunan kadar high density lipoprotein (HDL) menjadi parameter terjadinya hiperkolesterolemia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan inhibisi Ekstrak Etanol Fermentasi Bawang Bombay (EEFBB) terhadap aktivitas kerja enzim 3-Hydroxi-3-Methyl Glutaryl Coenzym A Reductase (HMGR) serta efek hipokolesterolemia terhadap kadar kolesterol serum darah tikus (Rattus novergicus) hiperkolesterolemia. Uji in vitro dilakukan dengan metode kolorimetri menggunakan spektrofotometri nano untuk melihat aktivitas inhibisi enzim dengan inhibitor atau tanpa inhibitor. Sedangkan uji in vivo menggunakan tikus untuk melihat perubahan kadar kolesterol darah tikus setelah terapi dengan kontrol negatif (KN), Atorvastatin dan EEFBB dosis 100, 200, dan 300 mg/kg bb perhari. Sebelum perlakuan tikus diberi pakan aterogenik selama satu bulan hingga menjadi hiperkolesterolemia kemudian diberi perlakuan selama 21 hari. Pengukuran kadar kolesterol dilakukan pada hari ke 7, 14 dan 21. Seluruh data dianalisis dengan metode oneway ANOVA (p < 0,05). Uji in vitro menunjukkan bahwa EEFBB terbukti mampu menghambat aktivitas HMGR sebesar 0,1531 unit/mg protein (58,47%). Kemampuan tersebut lebih kecil dibandingkan aktivitas inhibisi Atorvastatin sebesar 0,0068 unit/mg protein (98,16%). Disisi lain EEFBB merupakan inhibitor campuran dengan nilai Vmaks 0,298 dan Km 14,0053. Dosis EEFBB melalui uji in vivo secara keseluruhan mampu memperbaiki kadar kolesterol tikus dibandingkan dengan KN (p<0,05). EEFBB dosis 200 mg/Kg bb perhari menurunkan kadar kolesterol total 124,80 mg/dL (67,38%), kadar TG 93,56 mg/dl (60,78%) dan meningkatkan kadar HDL 5,80 mg/dl (30,20%) lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Sedangkan dosis 300 mg/kg bb perhari mampu menurunkan kadar LDL 106 mg/dl (89,03%) lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. EEFBB terbukti mampu menghambat aktivitas enzim HMGR dan menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, TG, LDL serta meningkatkan kadar HDL tikus hiperkolesterolemia.

Coronary heart disease is a disease caused by plaque deposits in the coronary arteries, thus clogging the arteries. That blockage is called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis begins with hypercholesterolemia. Increased total cholesterol levels, triglyceride (TG) levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are important parameters for hypercholesterolemia. This study aims to determine the inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of fermented onion (EEOFO) on the activity of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl Glutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase (HMGR) and the effect of improving the serum cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemic rats. In vitro tests were carried out by the colorimetric method using nano spectrophotometry to see the enzyme inhibitory activity with inhibitors or without inhibitors. While the in vivo test used rats to see the changes of cholesterol levels in rats' blood serum after therapy with negative control (NC), Atorvastatin, and EEOFO at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg bw perday. Before treatment, the rats were given atherogenic feed for one month until they were hypercholesterolemic, then treated for 21 days. Cholesterol levels were measured on days 7, 14 and 21. All data were analyzed using by oneway ANOVA method (p < 0,05). EEOFO proved to be able to inhibit the activity of the HMGR with an inhibitory value of 0,1531 units/mg protein (58,47%). The ability is lower than the Atorvastatin 0,0068 units/mg protein (98,16%). On the other hand, the extract is a mixed inhibitor with a Vmax value of 0,298 and Km 14,0053. All doses of EEOFO could improve cholesterol levels compared with NC (p<0,05). While the EEOFO dose at 200 mg/kg bw perday decreased in total cholesterol levels of 124,80 mg/dl (67,38%), TG levels of 93,56 mg/dl (60,78%) and enhaced HDL levels of 5,80 mg/dl (30,20%) higher than other treatments. But EEOFO at dose 300 mg/kg bw perday reduced LDL levels 106 mg/dl (89,03%) higher than other treatments. EEOFO proved to be able to inhibit the activity of HMGR and improved the cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemia rats.