| dc.description.abstract | The problems caused by weeds in oil palm plantations can decrease plant yield, especially glyphosate-resistant Eleusine indica. E. indica has been reported to be glyphosate-resistant in oil palm plantations in North Sumatra. Plantation companies often use similar herbicides repeatedly for long periods resulting in herbicide-resistant weeds. This activity will increase the evolution of herbicide resistance in oil palm plantations. However, there was never information indicating tests of single resistance screening, mixed herbicide, multiple resistance, and management of E. indica on the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme in North Sumatra. Thus, several tests of resistance are needed which ultimately lead to the management of glyphosate-resistant E. indica from oil palm plantations. This dissertation had four stages of this research, The First Stage was aimed to obtain the distribution of glyphosate-resistant E. indica from oil palm plantations in North Sumatra. This study was conducted by taking E. indica seeds from Langkat, Deli Serdang, Serdang Bedagai, Batu Bara, Asahan, Simalungun, Labuhanbatu, North Labuhanbatu, South Labuhanbatu, Padang Lawas and South Tapanuli Districts and then screening for single resistance with spraying the herbicide glyphosate at a recommended dose of 720 g a.i ha-1 using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with single factor and three replications at the Weed Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. The parameters included mortality, resistance classification, and dry weight. The results showed that the glyphosate dose of 720 g a.i ha-1 significantly controlled mortality and dry weight of E. indica populations from all districts except Batu Bara. The resistance classification of E. indica populations from oil palm plantations in North Sumatra Province (421 populations), included glyphosate-resistant by 65.56% (276 populations), resistant developing was 20.90% (88 populations), and glyphosate-susceptible by 13.54% (57 population). The Second Stage was aimed to determine the biotype of glyphosate-resistant E. indica that was resistant to mixed herbicides, namely Monosodium Methyl Arsenate (MSMA)+diuron. This study was conducted by taking two biotypes of E. indica which had the highest rate of glyphosate-resistant from each district and then mixed herbicides tested by spraying the active ingredient MSMA+diuron at 2.945+600 g a.i ha-1 and glyphosate at 1.080 g a.i ha-1 using RBD with single factor and four replications in the Weed Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, USU. The parameters included E. indica survival, resistance classification, growth reduction, dry weight, phytotoxicity, flowering, and the number of tillers. The results showed that the survival of glyphosate-resistant E. indica biotypes decreased with the change in the herbicide mode of action from glyphosate to MSMA+diuron in oil palm plantations in North Sumatra. The MSMA+diuron herbicide significantly changed leaf color (chlorosis) of glyphosate-resistant E. indica biotypes at 3 to 21 days after spraying. The ability of mixed herbicide doses of 2.945+600 g a.i ha-1 was more effective in controlling survival, the number of tillers, flowering, and dry weight of glyphosate-resistant E. indica biotypes by 62.07%, 87.53%; 66.88%; and 95.92% respectively compared to glyphosate. The Third Stage was aimed to obtain information on glyphosate-resistant E. indica biotypes has experienced multiple resistance to glyphosate, paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium, and triclopyr herbicides. This study was conducted with three biotypes of E. indica selected the highest glyphosate-resistant category, such as biotype 03 (Deli Serdang), biotype 12 (Serdang Bedagai), and biotype 29 (South Tapanuli). This study used RBD with two factors and four replications, the first factor was the herbicide active ingredient (glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, paraquat, and triclopyr), and the second factor was the recommended dose of each herbicide (0; 1/4; 1/2; 1, 2, 4, and 8-folds). This study was conducted by the Weed Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, USU. The parameters were histology characters (upper epidermis, mesophyll, lower epidermis), physiological character (relative chlorophyll/SPAD value), and agronomic character (E. indica survival, number of tillers, dry weight, flowering, lethal dose/LD50, resistance index, and growth reduction/GR50). The results showed that the size of the upper epidermis of glyphosate-resistant E. indica exposed to the glyphosate, paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium, and triclopyr herbicides at 3 days after spraying was higher compared to the lower epidermis. The glufosinate-ammonium at 300 to 1.200 g a.i ha-1 and triclopyr at 960 to 3.840 g a.i ha-1 or equivalent to 2-8 folds of the recommended dose is most effective in suppressing relative chlorophyll (SPAD value), survival, number of tillers, dry weight, and flowering age of all E. indica biotypes compared to paraquat and glyphosate. Resistance index (IR) and GR50 of glyphosate-resistant E. indica biotypes (03, 12, 29) on the glufosinate-ammonium (IR= 2.02; 0.20; 0.33 times and GR50= 0.67; 0.20; 0.23 times) and triclopyr (IR= 1.47; 0.25; 1.84 times and GR50= 1.77; 0.39; 1.91 times) were lower than the glyphosate and paraquat. The Fourth Stage was aimed to obtain an action to manage the glyphosate-resistant E. indica biotype through pre- and post-emergence herbicides. This study used RBD with two factors and four replications, the first factor was the pre-emergence (indaziflam, pendimethalin, oxyfluorphene) and post-emergence (potassium glyphosate, mesotrione, propaquizafop) by equal dose, meanwhile the second factor was the glyphosate isopropylamine (IPA)-resistant E. indica biotypes. This study was conducted at the Telaga Sari Village, Sunggal Subdistrict, Deli Serdang District, North Sumatra. The parameters included E. indica survival, number of tillers, injury symptoms, dry weight, growth reduction, and relative chlorophyll (SPAD value). The results indicated that pre-emergence was more effective in controlling E. indica biotypes than post-emergence herbicides. The sequence of pre- and post-emergence herbicides from highest to lowest was indaziflam or oxyfluorphene, pendimethalin, propaquizafop, potassium glyphosate, mesotrione. Pre-emergent herbicides (indaziflam and oxyfluorphene) were more effective in controlling the survival of glyphosate IPA-resistant E. indica, number of tillers, and dry weight until 100% (classified as excellent) than pendimethalin was classified as very good to excellent (98.58%; 88.75%, and 90.72%). Post-emergence herbicide (propaquizafop) was more effective in controlling the survival of glyphosate IPA-resistant E. indica, number of tillers, injury symptoms, relative chlorophyll (SPAD value), and dry weight were 78.13%; 84.25%; 76.85%; 76.92%; 81.24% respectively (classified as less than satisfactory to very good) compared to the potassium glyphosate (27.19%; 55.07%; 22.50%; 51.29%; 66.53% or classified as poor to less than satisfactory) and mesotrione were 18.75%; 77.21%; 13.63%; 31.84%; 61.30% (classified as poor to good). Based on the study stages, it can be concluded that E. indica dominant (65.56%) was glyphosate-resistant at the recommended dose of 720 g a.i ha-1 from oil palm plantations in North Sumatra. The delay in the biotype of glyphosate-resistant E. indica can be changed by the mode of action with other herbicides such as MSMA+diuron, glufosinate-ammonium, and triclopyr based on the recommended dose, but it is less effective if using glyphosate or paraquat herbicides although the dose is increased to 8-folds recommendation. The management of glyphosate-resistant E. indica biotypes can be completed by using pre- and post-emergence herbicides in ability sequence from highest to lowest, namely indaziflam or oxyfluorphene > pendimethalin > propaquizafop > potassium glyphosate > mesotrione. The management of glyphosate-resistant E. indica biotypes can use a different mode of action from the previous mode of action. | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | Permasalahan yang ditimbulkan gulma belulang (Eleusine indica) di perkebunan kelapa sawit dapat menurunkan produksi tanaman. E. indica sudah ada dilaporkan resisten-glifosat pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di Sumatera Utara. Perusahaan perkebunan sering menggunakan herbisida yang sejenis secara berulang-ulang dalam periode yang lama yang mengakibatkan gulma tersebut menjadi resisten. Kegiatan ini akan meningkatkan evolusi resisten herbisida pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di Sumatera Utara. Namun tidak ada informasi yang menunjukkan perlunya dilakukan pengujian skrining reistensi tunggal, pengujian herbisida campuran, resistensi ganda, dan pengelolaan biotip E. indica terhadap enzim 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-fosfat (EPSPS) di Sumatera Utara. Dengan demikian diperlukan beberapa pengujian resistensi ini yang akhirnya mengarah ke pengelolaan E. indica resisten-glifosat dari perkebunan kelapa sawit. Penelitian disertasi ini terdiri dari 4 tahap, Penelitian Tahap Pertama dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan sebaran populasi E. indica resisten-glifosat dari beberapa perkebunan kelapa sawit di Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil biji E. indica dari perkebunan kelapa sawit dari Kabupaten Langkat, Deli Serdang, Serdang Bedagai, Batu Bara, Asahan, Simalungun, Labuhan Batu, Labuhanbatu Utara, Labuhanbatu Selatan, Padang Lawas dan Tapanuli Selatan kemudian dilakukan skrining resistensi tunggal dengan penyemprotan herbisida glifosat pada dosis rekomendasi 720 g b.a./ha menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan satu faktor dan tiga ulangan di Lahan Pusat Penelitian Gulma Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU). Parameter pada penelitian ini antara lain mortalitas, klasifikasi resistensi, dan bobot kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa glifosat dosis rekomendasi 720 g b.a./ha signifikan mengendalikan mortalitas dan bobot kering populasi E. indica dari semua kabupaten kecuali Batu Bara. Diperoleh klasifikasi resistensi populasi E. indica dari perkebunan kelapa sawit pada 11 kabupaten di Provinsi Sumatera Utara (421 populasi) antara lain resisten-glifosat sebesar 65,56% (276 populasi), berkembang resisten-glifosat sebesar 20.90% (88 populasi), dan sensitif-glifosat sebesar 13,54% (57 populasi). Penelitian Tahap Kedua dengan tujuan mengetahui biotip E. indica resisten-glifosat telah mengalami resisten terhadap herbisida campuran yaitu Monosodium Metil Arsenat (MSMA)+diuron. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil 2 biotip E. indica yang memiliki tingkat resisten-glifosat tertinggi dari masing-masing kabupaten kemudian dilakukan pengujian herbisida campuran dengan penyemprotan bahan aktif MSMA + diuron dosis 2945+600 g b.a./ha dan glifosat dosis 1080 g b.a./ha menggunakan RAK dengan satu faktor dan empat ulangan di Lahan Pusat Penelitian Gulma Fakultas Pertanian USU. Parameter penelitian ini antara lain biotip E. indica bertahan hidup, klasifikasi resistensi, reduksi pertumbuhan, bobot kering, fitotoksisitas, umur berbunga, dan jumlah anakan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa biotip E. indica resisten-glifosat yang bertahan hidup mengalami penurunan dengan perubahan mode of action herbisida dari glifosat menjadi MSMA+diuron pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di Sumatera Utara. Herbisida MSMA+diuron secara signifikan dapat mengubah warna daun (kehilangan zat hijau daun/klorosis) biotip E. indica resisten-glifosat pada 3 hingga 21 hari setelah semprot. Kemampuan herbisida campuran dosis 2945+600 g b.a./ha lebih efektif mengendalikan bertahan hidup, jumlah anakan, umur pembungaan, dan bobot kering biotip E. indica resisten-glifosat masing-masing sebesar 62,07%, 87,53%; 66,88%; dan 95,92% dibandingkan glifosat. Penelitian Tahap Ketiga dengan tujuan memperoleh informasi apakah biotip E. indica telah mengalami resistensi ganda terhadap herbisida glifosat, parakuat, amonium glufosinat, dan triklopir. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tiga biotip E. indica terpilih dengan kategori sangat resisten-glifosat yaitu biotip 03 (Deli Serdang), biotip 12 (Serdang Bedagai), dan biotip 29 (Tapanuli Selatan). Penelitian ini menggunakan RAK dengan dua faktor dan empat ulangan, faktor pertama yaitu jenis bahan aktif herbisida (glifosat, amonium glufosinat, parakuat, dan triklopir), dan faktor kedua yaitu dosis masing-masing herbisida (0, ¼, ½, 1, 2, 4, dan 8 kali rekomendasi). Penelitian ini dilakukan Lahan Pusat Penelitian Gulma Fakultas Pertanian USU. Parameter penelitina ini berupa analisis histologi daun (epidermis atas, mesofil, epidermis bawah), analisis fisiologi (klorofil relatif/nilai SPAD), dan analisis agronomi (E. indica bertahan hidup, jumlah anakan, bobot kering, umur berbunga, lethal dose 50 (LD50), indeks resistensi, dan reduksi pertumbuhan (GR50). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ukuran epidermis atas pada E. indica resisten-glifosat yang terpapar herbisida glifosat, parakuat, amonium glufosinat dan tricklopir pada 3 hari setelah semprot lebih besar dibandingkan epidermis bawah. Herbisida amonium glufosinat 300-1200 g b.a./ha dan triklopir 960-3840 g b.a./ha atau setara 2-8 kali dosis rekomendasi paling efektif menekan klorofil relatif (nilai SPAD), kemampuan bertahan hidup, jumlah anakan, bobot kering, dan umur berbunga semua biotip E. indica resisten-glifosat dibandingkan parakuat maupun glifosat. Indeks resistensi (IR) dan rasio R/S dari GR50 biotip E. indica resisten-glifosat (biotip 03, 12, 29) pada herbisida amonium glufosinat (IR = 2,02; 0,20; 0,33 kali dan GR50 = 0,67; 0,20; 0,23 kali) dan triklopir (IR = 1,47; 0,25; 1,84 kali dan GR50 = 1,77; 0,39; 1,91 kali) lebih rendah dibandingkan herbisida glifosat dan parakuat. Penelitian Tahap Keempat dengan tujuan mendapatkan tindakan pengelolaan biotip E. indica resisten-glifosat melalui herbisida pra- dan purna-tumbuh. Penelitian ini menggunakan RAK dengan dua faktor dan empat ulangan, faktor pertama yaitu jenis herbisida pra-tumbuh (indaziflam, pendimetalin, oksifluorfen) dan purna-tumbuh (kalium glifosat, mesotrion, propaquizafop) dengan dosis masing-masing satu l/ha sedangkan faktor kedua yaitu biotip-biotip E. indica resisten-IPA glifosat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Telaga Sari, Kecamatan Sunggal, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Sumatera Utara. Parameter penelitina ini antara lain E. indica bertahan hidup, jumlah anakan, gejala kerusakan E. indica, bobot kering, reduksi pertumbuhan, dan klorofil relatif daun (nilai SPAD). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa herbisida pra-tumbuh lebih efektif mengendalikan biotip E. indica resisten-IPA glifosat dibandingkan herbisida purna-tumbuh. Urutan persentase kemampuan herbisida pra- dan purna-tumbuh dari tertinggi sampai terendah yaitu indaziflam atau oksiflourfen > pendimetalin > propaquizop > kalium glifosat > mesotrion. Herbisida pra-tumbuh (indaziflam dan oksiflourfen) lebih efektif dalam mengendalikan biotip E. indica resisten-IPA glifosat bertahan hidup, jumlah anakan, dan bobot kering sampai 100% (tergolong sempurna) dibandingkan pendimetalin tergolong sangat baik-sempurna (98,58%; 88,75%; dan 90,72%). Herbisida purna-tumbuh (propaquizop) lebih efektif dalam mengendalikan biotip E. indica resisten-IPA glifosat bertahan hidup, jumlah anakan, gejala kerusakan, klorofil relatif (nilai SPAD), dan bobot kering masing-masing sebesar 78,13%; 84,25%; 76,85%; 76,92%; 81,24% (tergolong kurang memuaskan-sangat baik) dibandingkan herbisida kalium glifosat (27,19%; 55,07%; 22,50%; 51,29%; 66,53% atau tergolong lemah-kurang memuaskan) dan herbisida mesotrion (18,75%; 77,21%; 13,63%; 31,84%; 61,30% atau tergolong lemah-baik).
Berdasarkan tahapan penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa E. indica dominan (65,56%) telah mengalami resistensi herbisida glifosat dosis rekomendasi 720 g b.a./ha dari perkebunan kelapa sawit di Sumatera Utara. Penundaan biotip E. indica resisten-glifosat ini dapat dilakukan dengan pergantian mode of action herbisida lainnya seperti Monosodium Metil Arsenat (MSMA)+diuron, amonium glufosinat, dan triklopir sesuai dosis rekomendasi, namun kurang efektif jika menggunakan herbisida glifosat maupun parakuat meskipun dosisnya ditingkatkan sampai 8 kali rekomendasi. Pengelolaan biotip E. indica resisten-glifosat ini dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan herbisida pra- dan purna-tumbuh dengan urutan persentase kemampuan dari tertinggi sampai terendah yaitu indaziflam atau oksiflourfen > pendimetalin > propaquizop > kalium glifosat > mesotrion. Pengelolaan biotip E. indica resisten-glifosat ini dapat menggunakan mode of action yang berbeda-beda dari pemakaian mode of action sebelumnya. | en_US |
