Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi Buah Rotan Jernang (Daemonorops Draco (Willd.) Blume) terhadap Beberapa Bakteri serta Mekanisme Kebocoran Sel

Abstract

Rattan jernang fruit has been used as a traditional medicine which is well known as an antiseptic, stimulates blood circulation, antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, wound medicine, diarrhea, minor burns and others. The jernang rattan fruit, including the Arecaceae tribe, contains chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides, which are chemical compounds that have potential as antibacterial. This study aims to determine the characteristics of simplicia, screening phytochemical, antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and fruit fraction of jernang rattan (Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume) and the mechanism of cell leakage.The simplicia characterization included organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic examinations, determination of water content, also carried out on ethanol extracts. Extraction by maceration using ethanol solvent then fractionated with n-hexane and ethylacetate as solvent. Phytochemical screening was carried out on simplicia powder, extract and fraction of jernang rattan fruit.Antibacterial activity test of each fraction using the diffusion methodagar by observing the zone of inhibition against several test bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella thypi ATCC 6539.Mechanisms of cell leakage against test bacteria such as testing for protein and nucleic acid leakage with UV-Vis, leakage of calcium and potassium metal ions using AAS, testing bacterial morphology using SEM. The results of simplicia characterization obtained water content of 4,65% and ethanol extract 5,98%. Phytochemical screening test of ethanol extract contained groups of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids. The ethylacetate fraction had the highest antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 25 mg/ml with an effective inhibitory diameter of 15,3 mm, Escherichia coli 50 mg/ml at 14,2 mm, Salmonella typhi 50 mg/ml at 14,5 mm. Cell leakage test on the three bacteria with the administration of ethylacetate fraction experienced higher protein leakage than nucleic acid, while the leakage of metal ions Ca2+ released was higher than K+ ions. The results of bacterial cell morphology against bacteria that provide the most effective inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus experience changes in shape to become irregular after the administration of the ethylacetate fraction makes the cell surface rough, with large holes with indentations. when compared to normal cells which are round in shape with a smooth surface.