Marhata Sinamot Translational Texts: Toba Batak-English Semantic Features Analysis of Modality

Abstract

This dissertation is entitled ―Marhata Sinamot Translational Texts: Toba Batak-English Semantic Features Analysis of Modality‖. The data used in this research were all derived from Marhata Sinamot cultural communications (MSCCs) held at Tuktuk Siadong-Samosir and Lobu Sonak-North Tapanuli. The expressions uttered by the key speakers in both MSCCs were all recorded and transcribed, and the transcriptions of both MSCCs were called as MSCC texts (MSCCTs). The clauses or clause complexes that contained modality within the MSCCTs were all identified, tabulated and called as the source text (ST). The ST was then translated into English and called as the target text (TT). Both the ST and the TT are used as data in this research. This disssertation is designed and regarded as a qualitative-descriptive research, and the analysis is mainly focused to find out the realization, semantic features, and translation of modality from Toba Batak language as the SL into English as the target language (TL). Based on the data analysis it was found out that modality in both MSCCTs was realized either by modal, mood adjunct, comment adjunct, combination of mood adjunct and modal, or mood adjunct and mood adjunct. As a general rule, modal in the ST was translated into modal of the same type in the TT, and so was the comment adjunct; but mood adjunct which was functionally used to express a wish or hope (intentional probability) in the ST was translated into modal with a different semantic features in the TT. It was also found out that the translation of modality from the ST into the TT was also influenced by the aspect of time or tense, mood, tenors, formality, and functional tenor of the clauses or clause complexes. The types of modality in both MSCCTs were functionally used to express the concept of probability, usuality, and obligation. The concept of pure probability in the ST was expressed by means of modal adjuncts ra ‗perhaps‘, haroa ‗perhaps‘, antar ‗possibly‘, manang antar songon diape ‗possibly‘, and comment adjuncts (n)inna rohangku ‗I think‘, inna roha nian ‗I think‘, inna rohangku nian ‗I think‘, di rohangku ‗I think‘, didok rohangku ‗I think‘, huhilala ‗I think‘, and didok rohanami ‗We think‘; While the concept of dynamic probability (probability and ability) was expressed by modal boi ‗may, can, could, will‘, boi(do) ‗can‘, anggiat boi ‗can hopefully‘. The concept of intentional probability (probability, hope and desire) was expressed by mood adjuncts sai ‗may‘, anggiatma tutu ‗may‘, anggiatma antong ‗may‘; and the concept of usuality was expressed by means of mood adjuncts biasa ‗usually‘, biasana ‗usually‘, biasana tutu ‗usually‘ and sai ‗always‘. The concept of obligation was expressed either by modal ingkon ‗should, ought‘, tung ‗ought‘, or ndang boi ‗should not‘; while the concept of inclination was expressed without using any modality.

Disertasi ini berjudul "Teks Translasi Marhata Sinamot: Analisis Fitur Makna Modalitas Bahasa Batak Toba dan Bahasa Inggris". Data dalam penelitian ini adalah berupa ungkapan yang menggunakan modalitas dalam dua acara Marhata Sinamot yang dilaksanakan di Tuktuk Siadong-Samosir dan Lobu Sonak-Tapanuli Utara. Transkripsi ungkapan yang ditulis dalam bahasa Batak Toba disebut sebagai teks sumber (TS), dan hasil penerjemahannya ke dalam bahasa Inggris disebut teks target (TT). Kedua teks tersebut digunakan sebagai data dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diketahui bahwa modalitas dalam TS direalisasikan dengan modal, penanda modalitas keterangan (mood adjunct) dan penanda modalitas pendapat (comment adjunct). Dalam proses penerjemahannya, modal dalam TS dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam modal yang memiliki fitur makna yang sama dalam TT; penanda modalitas pendapat (comment adjunct) juga dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam penanda modalitas pendapat yang memiliki fitur makna yang sama dalam TT; namun penanda modalitas keterangan (mood adjunct) yang digunakan untuk mengekspresikan harapan (sai, anggiatma, anggiatma antong, anggiatma tutu, sai anggiatma antong, sai anggiatma tutu) diterjemahkan ke dalam modal yang memiliki fitur makna yang berbeda dalam TT. Diketahui juga bahwa penerjemahan modalitas dari TS ke dalam TT ternyata dipengaruhi oleh aspek waktu, tenor, mood, fungsi ujaran, dan intensitas suara. Modalitas dalam TS sebagian dapat digunakan untuk mengekspresikan konsep kemungkinan (probability), kebiasaan (usuality), dan keharusan (obligation). Konsep kemungkinan murni (pure probability) diungkapkan dengan penanda modalitas keterangan seperti ra 'perhaps', haroa 'perhaps', antar 'possibly', manang antar songon diape 'possibly' maupun penanda modalitas pendapat seperti inna rohangku 'Saya pikir', ninna rohangku 'Saya pikir', inna roha nian 'Saya pikir', inna rohangku nian 'Saya pikir', di rohangku 'Saya pikir', didok rohangku 'Saya pikir', huhilala 'saya pikir', dan didok rohanami ‗Kami pikir'. Sementara konsep kemungkinan dinamis (dynamic probability) diungkapkan dengan modal boi ‗may, can, could, will‘, boido ‗can‘, anggiat boi ‗can hopefully‘. Sementara konsep kemungkinan yang disertai harapan atau keinginan (intentional probability) diungkapkan dengan menggunakan penanda modalitas keterangan sai ‗may‘, anggiat ma tutu ‗may‘, anggiat ma antong ‗may‘. Konsep kebiasaan (usuality) diungkapkan dengan menggunakan penanda modalitas keterangan seperti biasa ‗usually‘, biasana ‗usually‘, biasana tutu ‗usually‘ and sai ‗always‘. Konsep yang berberkaitan dengan keharusan (obligation) diungkapkan dengan menggunakan modal ingkon ‗should, ought‘, tung ‗ought‘, dan ndang boi ‗should not‘. Sementara konsep keikhlasan (inclination) diungkapkan tanpa menggunakan modalitas.