Profil Lipid dan Gambaran Histopatologi Lesi Aterosklerosis pada Arteri Koronaria Tikus Wistar Jantan Hiperkolesterol setelah Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.)

Abstract

The incidence of cardiovascular disease in the world continues to increase and make coronary heart disease (CHD) as the main cause. One reason is hyperlipidemia that would lead to an increase in lipid profiles, the number of foam cells and coronary artery wall thickness. These circumstances require pharmacologic therapy, the materials of nature are considered more secure. Noni (Marinda citrifolia L.) has long used the community as an alternative treatment of hyperlipidemia. The research objective was to determine the effect of ethanol extract of noni fruit in lowering lipid profiles, the number of foam cells and the thickness of the walls of the coronary artery and cessation of feeding hypercholesterolemia. Design study were randomized post test only control group design, 30 male Wistar rats, 12 weeks, 180-200 g, were divided into 6 groups: P0=Rats that received standard feed for 2 weeks, Pl=Rats that received hypercholesterol feed for 2 weeks, P2=Hypercholesterol rats that received hypercholesterol feed and ethanol extract of noni fruit for 4 weeks, P3=Hypercholesterol rats that received hypercholesterol feed and ethanol extract of noni fruit for 8 weeks, P4= Hypercholesterol rats that received standard feed and ethanol extract of noni fruit for 4 weeks, and P5=Hypercholesterol rats that received standard feed and ethanol extract of noni fruit for 8 weeks. Doses of ethanol extract of noni fruit is 50 mg/ day. Examined lipid profiles were measured enzymatically, the number of foam cells and coronary artery wall thickness. Univariate analysis to calculate the mean and standard deviation. Test data with the Shapiro Wilk normality, followed by One Way Anova, Post Hoc, Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U with SPSS 18.0 for windows. Duration of the ethanol extract of noni in the treatment group continued to receive hypercholesterol feed may decrease significantly (p<0.05) levels of triglycerides, but not significantly different (p<0.05) in lowering total cholesterol, LDL, the ratio LDL/HDL, the number of foam ce11s, coronary artery wa11 thickness and raise HDL, whereas in the treatment group that received standard feed and ethanol extract of noni fruit not significant differences (p<0.05) in lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, the ratio of LDL/HDL, the number of foam cells, coronary artery wall thickness and increase HDL levels. Ethanol extract of noni fruit hypercbolesterolemia accompanied by cessation of feeding for 4 weeks showed significant differences (p<0.05) in lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, the ratio of LDL/HDL, but did not show significant differences (p<0.05 ) in raising HDL, lowering the number of foam cells, and the coronary artery wall thickness. Ethanol extract of noni fruit is accompanied by cessation of hypercholesterol feed for 8 weeks showed significant differences (p<0.05) in lowering levels of LDL and the ratio of LDL / HDL, but did not show significant difference (p <0.05) in lowering cholesterol total, triglycerides, the number of foam cells, the thickness of the walls of coronary arteries, and raise HDL. Duration of the ethanol extract of noni fruit in the treatment group that received hypercholesterol feed can lower triglyceride levels. Ethanol extract of noni fruit is accompanied by cessation of feeding for 4 weeks ofhypercholesterolemia can lower total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, the ratio of LDL / HDL. Ethanol extract of noni fruit is accompanied by cessation of hypercholesterol feed for 8 weeks can reduce levels of LDL and the ratio of LDL/HDL

Angka kejadian penyakit kardiovaskuler di dunia terus meningkat dan menjadikan penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) sebagai penyebab utama. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah hiperlipidemia yang akan menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan profil lipid, jumlah sel busa dan ketebalan dinding arteri koronaria. Keadaan ini memerlukan terapi farmakologik, bahan dari alam dianggap lebih aman. Mengkudu (Marinda citrifolia L.) telah lama digunakan masyarakat sebagai alternatif pengobatan hiperlipidemia. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu dalam menurunkan profil lipid, jumlah sel busa dan ketebalan dinding arteri koronaria dan penghentian pakan hiperkolesterol. Desain penelitian ini adalah randomized post test only control group design, 30 tikus Wistar jantan, 12 minggu, 180-200 g, dibagi dalam 6 kelompok, yaitu PO=-- Tikus yang mendapat pakan standar selama 2 minggu, P 1 = Tikus yang mendapat pakan hiperkolesterol selama 2 minggu, P2 = Tikus hiperkolesterol yang mendapat pakan hiperkolesterol dan ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu selama 4 minggu, P3 = Tikus hiperkolesterol yang mendapat pakan hiperkolesterol dan ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu selama 8 minggu, P4 = Tikus hiperkolesterol yang mendapat pakan standar dan ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu selama 4 minggu, dan PS = Tikus hiperkolesterol yang mendapat pakan standar dan ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu selama 8 minggu. Dosis ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu adalah 50 mg/hari. Dilakukan pemeriksaan profil lipid diukur secara enzimatik, jumlah sel busa dan ketebalan dinding arteri koronaria. Analisis univariat untuk menghitung mean dan standar deviasi. Uji normalitas data dengan Saphiro Wilk, dilanjutkan One Way Anova, Post Hoc, Kruskal Wallis dan Mann Whitney U dengan SPSS 18.0, Lama pemberian ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu pada kelompok perlakuan yang tetap mendapat pakan hiperkolesterol dapat menurunkan secara berbeda nyata (p<0,05) kadar trigliserida, tetapi tidak berbeda nyata (p<0,05) dalam menurunkan kolesterol total, LDL, rasio kadar LDLIHDL, jumlah sel busa, ketebalan dinding arteri koronaria dan menaikkan HDL, sedangkan pada kelompok perlakuan yang mendapat pakan standar dan ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu tidak memberikan perbedaan yang nyata (p<0,05) dalam menurunkan kolesterol total, trigliserida, LDL, rasio LDL/HDL, jumlah sel busa, ketebalan dinding arteri koronaria dan menaikkan kadar HDL. Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu yang disertai penghentian pakan hiperkolesterol selama 4 minggu menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata (p<0,05) dalam menurunkan kolesterol total, trigliserida, LDL, rasio LDL/HDL, tetapi tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata (p<0,05) dalam menaikkan HDL, menurunkan jumlah sel busa, dan ketebalan dinding arteri koronaria. Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu yang disertai penghentian pakan hiperkolesterol selama 8 minggu menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata (p<0,05) dalam menurunkan kadar LDL dan rasio LDL/HDL, akan tetapi tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nyata (p<0,05) dalam menurunkan kolesterol total, trigliserida, jumlah sel busa, ketebalan dinding arteri koronaria, dan menaikkan HDL. Lama pemberian ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu pada kelompok perlakuan yang mendapat pakan hiperkolesterol dapat menurunkan kadar trigliserida. Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu yang disertai penghentian pakan hiperkolesterol selama 4 minggu dapat menurunkan kolesterol total, trigliserida, LDL, rasio LDL/HDL. Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah mengkudu yang disertai penghentian pakan hiperkolesterol selama 8 minggu dapat menurunkan kadar LDL dan rasio LDL/HDL