Kajian Liken di Kota Medan dan Deli Serdang Sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Udara

Abstract

Lichens is symbiosis between fungi and algae or fungi and cyanobacteria or both of them. Lichens is still under researched in Indonesia especially in North Sumatra. While in the other countries such as America, India, Japan, Thailand, Singapore applied as bioindicator models of air pollution. This research aims to determine the diversity, diversity index, the accumulation of pollutants lead in lichen populations based on traffic levels different. The research conducted in Medan city and Deli Serdang, North Sumatra Province from May 2013 to November 2014. The first location in Pancur Batu, Deli Serdang (Mahogany Garden away from traffic circulation), second location in Yos Sudarso street, Medan (high traffic circulation). third location in Sudirman street, Medan (medium traffic circulation), Fourth location in Cik Ditiro street, Medan (low traffic circulation). Lichens which observed in mahogany tree stand with a vertical transect method to the two meters. The number of stand trees as much as 20 trees x 4 location = 80 trees. Extensive lichens drawn and measured using plastic transparencies and lichens scrapped from the surface of tree bark. Population data include the number of thalli, thallus area on the surface are two meters tall tree trunk, diversity index, cluster analysis of. lichens in 4 location. While the measurement of lead content using AAS (Atomic Absorption Specttrophotometry). The result study was obtained of lichens as many as 2165 sample such as 7 family, 7 genus, 11 species with 2 types if thallus (foliose and crustose). The value of diversity index is low. The highest average JT/1m2 of LPBP in the first location as many as 36.27 thallus, but the biggest average LT(cm2)/1m2 of LPBP is in the fourth location mahogany garden Pancur Batu, Deli Serdang type of lichens have founded are Parmelia caperata (2); Parmelia glabratula (3); Graphi elegans (5); Tryphetelium virens (6); Lepraria incana (8); Graphis scripta (9); Opegrapha atra (10); Pertusaria amara (11). Second location in Yos Sudarso street, Medan type of lichen has founded are Parmelia saxatilis ( 4); Lecanora conizaeades (7); Lepraria incana (8); Pertusaria amara (11). Third location in Sudirman street, Medan type of lichen has founded are Parmelia glabratula (3); Parmelia saxatilis (4); Lepraria incana (8); Graphis scripta (9); Opegrapha atra (10); Pertusaria amara (11). Four location in JI. Cik Ditiro, Medan type of lichen has founded are Parmelia plumbea (1); Parmelia glabratula (3); Lepraria incana (8); Graphis scripta (9); Opegrapha atra (JO); Pertusaria amara (11). Based on the highest concentration of Pb/1 cm2 extensive thallus lichen used as bioindicator of air quality, then 1) location with the highest traffic circulation (second location) not determine the highest concentration of Pb is showed by lichen Parmelia plumbea (1) with the biggest contrition of Pb (25,709) in third location, followed by Pertusaria amara (11) as many as (7.842) in second location; 2) Based on correlation between Pb concentration Pb and extensive thallus, it's showed the consistent correlation that kept Pb concentration increasing, and the thallus area is smaller and high Pb concentration is not always in small area of thallus, but large area of thallus does not mean the Pb concentration always low; 3) area of thallus and number of thallus which varies and fluctuation is not always as a determinant contaminated site; 4) Lecanora conizaeades (7) capable absorb low of Pb, but it can only live in the second location with enough big thallus; 5) Lepraria incana (8); and Pertusaria amara (11) are in one cluster and capable of absorbing lo Pb but can live in all location (cosmopolitan lichens); 6) Parmelia caperata (2); Graphi elegans (5); and Tryphetelium virens (6) are in the one cluster of sensitive lichens are in the first location Pancur Batu, Deli Serdang (mahagony garden) far from source of pollution and not found in the other loctation. Species of the other lichens Opegrapha atra (10) absorb Pb concentration 0.011 - 0.0013 low with small thallus; Parmelia saxatilis (4) absorb Pb concentration 0.024 - 1,77 low with small thallus; Parmelia caperata (2); Graphi elegans (5); and Tryphetelium virens (6) don't absorb Pb, but can live in the first location. So, it's necessary to study the same for other areas, so can be more strength lichens as bioindicator air pollution. Field test using transplantation method necessary to ensure the lichens as tolerant, sensitive, intermediate, and cosmopolite bioindicator.