Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl) terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah, Tumor Necrosis Factor-a, Interleukin-6 Serum serta Ekspresi Pospho-Amp Activated Protein Kinase Otot Skelet pada Tikus Model Diabetes

Abstract

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus experience hyperglycemia conditions that can activate pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, which play a role in the incidence of insulin resistance and the development of various complications of DM. Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl) has been widely used by the Indonesian people to treat diabetes, but the anti-inflammatory effect and the mechanism of action of the Phaleria macrocarpa leaf have not been studied. Based on these data, we want to investigate whether the leaves of Phaleria macrocarpa can be efficacious as an alternative treatment for diabetes mellitus. Research objective: To analyze the anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa leaves (EEPML) on fasting blood glucose levels (BGL), serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and p-AMPK expression of skeletal muscle in diabetic rat models. Research methods: Laboratory exploration was carried out by extracting the leaves of Phaleria macrocarpa and phytochemical tests. The research subjects were 30 male Wistar rats aged 8 weeks which were divided into 6 groups: K1 was the normal control group; K2 was the DM control group; K3, K4, and K5 were given EEPML at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/KgBW; and K6 was given Metformin 45 mg/KgBW orally once a day for 14 days. The diabetic rat model was made with a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 30 mg/KgBW. Fasting BGL examination measured TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels by ELISA technique and skeletal muscle p-AMPK expression by immunohistochemical method. Data analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the differences between groups using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The results showed that there were significant differences in the mean fasting BGL, IL-6 levels, and p-AMPK expression (p=0.002, p=0.017, p=0.029), and there was no significant difference in the mean serum TNF-α levels (p>0.05) between treatment groups. Conclusion: Administration of EEDMD reduced fasting BGL and serum IL-6 levels, increased expression of p-AMPK in skeletal muscle, and did not decrease serum TNF-α levels in diabetic rats.