Fitoremediasi Logam Kadmium: Anatomi, Metabolisme dan Produksi Minyak Atsiri Tanaman Aromatik pada Tanah Asal Tempat Pembuangan Akhir

Abstract

Final shelters as garbage collectors in big cities have now become a disturbing and even dangerous situation for the health of the surrounding communities. This situation is due to the heavy metal content contained in the landfill soil. Therefore, efforts need to be made to reduce the negative impact of heavy metals in landfill soil. Therefore, it is necessary to remediate heavy metals by selecting and growing aromatic plants as a phytoremediation tool that is cheap, easy and adds value economically. It is necessary to research the extent to which the ability of aromatic plants that have a specific character can remediate heavy metals, especially in landfills. In addition, there have been no reports that waste in landfills can affect the production of essential oils from aromatic plants in Indonesia, especially in North Sumatra. Thus, the author is interested in researching the ability of aromatic plants as accumulators of heavy metals while producing high essential oils due to heavy metal stress in landfills. The first phase of research has been carried out using random draft of the group factorial with factor I is a type of aromatic plant consisting of, T1 = fragrant root (Vetiveria zizanioides), T2 = citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), T3 = lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), T4 = patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), T5 = ruku-ruku (Ocimum tenuiflorum), factor II is a concentration of heavy metal Cd consisting of four levels, K0 = 0 ppm, K1 = 85ppm, K2 = 170 ppm, K3 = 255 ppm, K4 = 340 ppm. So that there are 25 combination treatments where each treatment is made in 3 tests where each experimental unit consists of 3 plants. Data on essential oil content and heavy metal absorption Cd from the results of this study were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Then a treatment that showed a noticeable influence on the observed change was followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test at a confidence level of 5%. The second phase of research has been carried out using a random design group factorial which consists of two factors, namely factor 1, which is the source of TPA land, which consists of three kinds, S0 = Not Landfill Landfill, S1 = Namo Bintang Landfill Landfill, S2 = Waterfall Landfill Land, Factor II, is the number of plants per hole consisting of, J1 = one plant per hole, J2 = two plants per hole, J3 = three plants per hole. In the second study, there were nine combination treatments were made in 3 tests, and each experimental unit consisted of 3 plants. Data on essential oil content and heavy metal absorption Cd from the results of this study and with additional parameters: anatomical test, physiology test, and biochemical test were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Then the treatment that showed a noticeable influence on the changes observed was followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test at a confidence level of 5%. The results of the first study showed, some aromatic plants that were tried, citronella produced the highest essential oil. And there is an increase in the percentage of essential oil content due to the Cd treatment given, especially to fragrant root plants and patchouli. Of the five types of aromatic plants assessed, all plants can be used as phytoremediation tools. Only patchouli has a low percentage of life rate. Fragrant root showed better growth under Cd pressure, while citronella showed the highest increase in plant total Cd absorption up to 340 ppm treatment. There is a real and strong correlation between the extraction of Cd in the root and the total extraction amount of Cd with the essential oil content. The results of the second study showed that the accumulation of Cd metal in the roots and in the canopy as well as the extraction of Cd metal, the total citronella in landfill soils was higher than non-landfill soils and the highest yield was found in the Waterfall Landfill. Two plants per hole give the highest yield in Namo Bintang landfill soil based on wet root weight, root dry weight and canopy root ratio whereas in Waterfall landfill soil and non-landfill soil, three plants per hole give the highest yield. The highest content of citronella essential oil comes from the Waterfall Landfill. And the results of the correlation test obtained a real relationship between the metal content of Cd in the header and the content of essential oils, as well as there is a real relationship between the wet weight and dry weight of the roots to the essential oils. Then for additional parameters results of the third study showed that plants Citronella plants that were tried on anatomically landfill soil (transverse slices of the root tip) showed no difference with citronella roots in non-landfill soils. Physiologically (chlorophyll A amount, root activity) shows higher values than citronella in non-landfill soils. Biochemically, the MDA content of citronella growing in landfill soils is higher than the MDA content of citronella growing in non-landfill soils. This indicates that citronella in landfill soils is experiencing a state of shock due to cadmium heavy metals.