Perbandingan Sitologi Sel Epitel Mukosa Bukal Antara Perokok Tembakau dengan Nonperokok Menggunakan Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) dan Pewarnaan Methylene Blue

Abstract

Smoking is one of the main public health problems in the world. One of the bad effects of smoking is cancer. Many studies have shown that tobacco can cause abnormal expression of p53 and other genes in oral epithelial cells that are associated with cancer. Various techniques have been developed to complement clinical examination and improve early diagnosis of oral cancer. Exfoliative cytology is an advantageous technique as a method of early diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine the identified AgNOR value and measure the area using methylene blue staining in the buccal mucosal epithelial cells of tobacco smokers and non-smokers. This type of research is descriptive analytic with a cross sectional approach. The research sample consisted of 30 people obtained from 15 smokers and 15 non-smokers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sampling of buccal mucosal epithelial cells was carried out using a cytobrush and then the AgNOR and methylene blue staining process was carried out. Cells were counted and measured using a digital camera microscope. The results of the independent T-test analysis showed a significant comparison (p<0.05) in the amount of AgNOR, mAgNOR, cell area, nucleus area, and nucleus-cytoplasm ratio in male smokers and non-smokers. The smoker group had a higher mAgNOR value (3.20 ± 0.38) compared to the non-smoker group (1.81 ± 0.30), this was in line with an increase in the nucleus-cytoplasm ratio in the smoker group to 1:3 compared to 1:4 in the non-smoker group. The number of AgNOR, mAgNOR, nuclear area, and nucleus-cytoplasm ratio of buccal mucosal epithelial cells in smokers is greater than in non-smokers, while the cell area in smokers is smaller than in non-smokers. The conclusion of this study is that AgNOR and methylene blue staining in exfoliative cytology can be useful as a quantitative marker of cell proliferation in smokers and is effective in early detection of malignancies in the oral cavity.