| dc.description.abstract | Carbon dots (CDs) are fluorescent nanoparticles synthesized from biomass waste. Candlenut shell is a potential biomass waste that is abundantly available with a chemical content of 49.22% holocellulose, 54.46% lignin, and 14.55% pentose. In this study, carbon dots were synthesized using candlenut shell as a precursor and urea as nitrogen doping using a hydrothermal method at 220oC for 8 hours. The results of CDs and NCDs were characterized and analyzed Drug Loading Capacity and Drug Loading Efficiency for CDs-Amlo and NCDs-Amlo based on UV-Vis absorbance. CDs and NCDs showed bluish-green fluorescence under 395 nm UV light and HR-TEM analysis showed spherical particles measuring 0.609 nm and 1.794 nm for CDs and NCDs, respectively. XRD diffractograms showed broad peaks at 2θ-29o corresponding to carbon (100) hkl planes with CDs and NCDs sizes <5nm. UV-Vis analysis of CDs and NCDs had absorbance peaks at wavelengths of 289 nm and 290 nm. PL analysis results showed emission peaks at wavelengths of 498 nm and 501 nm, with quantum yield values of 25.5559% and 20.0862% for CDs and NCDs, respectively. FTIR analysis showed the presence of O-H, C=C,C-H, and N-H and C-N groups indicating successful doping of nitrogen on the CD surface. Raman spectroscopy analysis showed ID/IG ratio values of 0.863 and 0.871 for nanocrystalline CDs and NCDs structures, respectively. XPS analysis of CDs and NCDs displayed three elemental components namely C1s, O1s, and N1s with binding energies at 284 eV, 531 eV, and 399 eV. Drug Loading Capacity and Drug Loading Efficiency values for free amlodipine besylate were 20% and 40%, for CDs-Amlo were 46.05% and 98.90%, and for NCDs-Amlo were 59.21% and 98.58%. From the results of this study, it is concluded that CDs and NCDs from hazelnut shells can be used as a drug delivery system for amlodipine besylate. | en_US |
