Identifikasi Gen Embriogenik terhadap Genotipe Klon Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guinnensis Jacq.) Produksi Tinggi dan Tahan Penyakit Ganoderma

Abstract

Oil palm is an important tropical plant producer of vegetable oil as a source of Indonesian currency. The presence of oil palm superior seed is necessary to increase productivity. Tissue culture becomes the only vegetative production that can be in oil palm to preserve the superior material used in sustainable breeding programs. The research consists of two phases: the first phase is on an oil palm tissue culture with some genotypes, with the aim of identifying the embryogenic genotypes of oil palm to improve the efficiency of the process. Then the research continues to identify the embryogenic genes that were associated with the somatic embryogenic formation in oil palm tissue culture. The first phase of research was conducted using the somatic embryogenic method with young leaf explants of 39 oil palm genotypes for the development of high-production and disease-tolerant breeding programs. This study, with the observation parameters of percentage of induction of callus formed (%), somatic induction of embryos formed (%), embryo maturation and germination (%), and correlation between each other, analyzed the content of endogenous hormones in embryogenic callus, non-embryogenic callus, somatic embryos, and plantlets. Next the phase with moleculer studies conducted DNA amplification with the specific primers, continued sequencing, alignment, and blast using bioinformatics analysis of the sequence results. The study also analyzed functional annotations based on David Bioinformatics for all embryogenic genes found in the study with the role of each gene in the biological processes in the oil palm clones was observed. According to the results of tissue culture research, the genotypes were significantly different in terms of callus formation, embryos, and germination. The study successfully cloned 26 oil palm genotypes that were identified as embryogenic clones in the medium culture used. The results of the moleculer research obtained four specific primers successfully for sequencing genes that were associated with embryogenesis genes in oil palm. The genes were successfully identified along with the physico-chemical characteristics of the gene, protein structure predictions, and phylogenetics so that the percentage of genetic similarity of each genotype. The bystin gene plays a role in ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, embryogenic sac development, and pollen development. The gene cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1 (CCR1) plays a role in lignin biosynthesis, circadian rhythm, response to cold, and phosphorylation. The IAA-amino acid hydrolase gene ILR1-like1 (ILR1) plays a role in auxin metabolic processes, and the enolase2 gene plays a role in glycolytic processes, response to cold, light stimulus responses, and abscisic acid responses.